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Barristers (1)
Sentencing Options Explained
Why Sentencing Happens
If you plead guilty or are found guilty after trial, the court has to decide what happens next. Sentencing isn’t just about punishment — it also aims to protect the public, rehabilitate offenders, and deter future offending.
Sentences can feel complex, but in most cases, they fall into one of a few main categories. Knowing the basics can make things clearer for you and your family.
Discharge — No Punishment, But Still a Record
Absolute Discharge:
- The court decides no punishment is needed.
- Rare, but can happen for very minor offences or where blame is minimal.
Conditional Discharge:
- No immediate punishment if you stay out of trouble for a set period (up to 3 years).
- If you commit another offence during that time, you can be sentenced for both.
Fines
- Fines are common for minor offences, especially in Magistrates’ Court.
- The amount depends on the seriousness of the offence and your ability to pay.
- The court can set payment plans if you can’t afford the full amount up front.
- Not paying fines can lead to enforcement action — even prison in extreme cases.
Community Orders
Community orders are designed to punish but also rehabilitate. The court can impose one or more “requirements,” such as:
- Unpaid Work (Community Service) — typically 40 to 300 hours, supervised.
- Rehabilitation Activity Requirements (RARs) — meetings, courses, or therapy aimed at addressing offending behaviour.
- Curfews / Electronic Tags — you may have to stay at home during certain hours.
- Exclusion Zones — banning you from certain places.
- Drug or Alcohol Treatment — compulsory testing or programmes if relevant.
Failing to comply can lead to harsher penalties, including custody.
Suspended Sentences
This is where the court imposes a prison sentence but “suspends” it for a set period (up to 2 years).
- You don’t go to prison straight away, but you must comply with conditions (like attending appointments, doing unpaid work, or following curfews).
- If you commit another offence or breach the order, the sentence can be “activated” — meaning you serve the original prison time plus anything for the new offence.
- A suspended sentence is still a criminal conviction and will show on a DBS check.
Immediate Custody (Prison Sentences)
If the court decides your offence is so serious that only prison is appropriate, you’ll be sentenced to custody.
How it works in England & Wales:
- Sentence length: Depends on the seriousness of the offence and your previous record.
- Automatic release:
- Sentences under 12 months → Usually serve half in prison, the rest on licence in the community.
- Sentences 12 months or longer → Usually serve half to two-thirds in custody, depending on offence type.
- Extended sentences → For some violent or sexual offences, you may serve more in prison before release.
- Life sentences & IPPs: Special rules apply, and parole decisions are involved.
Even after release, you’ll normally remain on licence — meaning probation supervises you and you must follow strict rules.
Young People (Under 18)
Sentences for young people are different and aim more at rehabilitation. Options include:
- Referral Orders — meeting with a youth offender panel to agree on a rehabilitation plan.
- Youth Rehabilitation Orders (YROs) — the youth equivalent of community orders, with tailored conditions.
- Detention & Training Orders (DTOs) — a mix of custody and supervised release.
Victim Surcharges, Costs & Compensation
Whatever sentence you receive, the court may also order:
- A Victim Surcharge — a set amount based on your sentence, used to fund victim services.
- Prosecution Costs — contributing towards the CPS’s costs.
- Compensation Orders — paying money directly to victims.
These are in addition to any fines or other penalties.
How Courts Decide: Sentencing Guidelines
Judges and magistrates follow official Sentencing Council guidelines. They look at:
- The seriousness of the offence.
- Any aggravating factors (weapons, repeat offending, targeting vulnerable victims).
- Any mitigating factors (genuine remorse, previous good character, mental health issues).
- Whether you pleaded guilty early.
Every case is different, but these rules keep sentences broadly consistent across England and Wales.
Practical Tips for Defendants & Families
- Ask your solicitor to explain likely sentencing ranges before trial or plea.
- If you’re worried about custody, ask about pre-sentence reports — these can influence whether you get community-based options.
- Make arrangements for children, pets, bills, and work before sentencing day if there’s a chance of custody.
- If you get a community or suspended sentence, stick to the conditions — breaching them makes things much worse.
Case Preperation (1)
Addressing False Allegations Being accused of something you didn’t do can turn your world upside down. Even if you’re later cleared, the stress, uncertainty, and damage to your reputation can linger long after the legal process ends. It’s an incredibly isolating experience — but you are not alone, and there are practical steps you can take to protect yourself, rebuild trust, and move forward. Understanding the Process When a false allegation is made, the police have a legal duty to investigate. That can mean arrest, interview, and potentially even charges, even when the evidence seems weak. It can be frightening and frustrating, especially if you know you’ve done nothing wrong. Throughout this stage, it’s crucial to: Get proper legal advice early — ideally from a solicitor experienced in these kinds of cases Keep a clear, accurate timeline of events, messages, and evidence Avoid direct contact with the complainant, as this can complicate matters False allegations cases can drag on for months, sometimes years, and the uncertainty is often the hardest part. Knowing your rights and working closely with your legal team can help you navigate the process more confidently. What Happens if You’re NFA’d or Acquitted An NFA (No Further Action) decision or an acquittal at trial should bring closure, but many find that life doesn’t simply return to “normal.” People may still have doubts. Rumours may linger. Employers, schools, or community groups may still need reassurance. This can be painful, but there are steps you can take: Ask the police for written confirmation of the NFA or acquittal — this can help with employment or housing issues Consider requesting your custody records or full case file to keep for future reference Focus on rebuilding your personal and professional reputation gradually, starting with people you trust Reporting a False Allegation It’s natural to want justice if you’ve been wrongly accused, but it’s important to understand that prosecutions for making false allegations are rare. The CPS is cautious about pursuing these cases because of concerns about discouraging genuine victims from coming forward. To succeed, there usually needs to be clear evidence that the allegation was knowingly false — not just mistaken, exaggerated, or unsupported. If you want to explore this route, speak to your solicitor first. They can advise on the chances of success and whether a formal complaint to the police or the Independent Office for Police Conduct (IOPC) might be appropriate. Rebuilding Trust and Moving Forward Whether or not the system gives you the outcome you hoped for, the work of rebuilding often falls on you and those closest to you. That might mean repairing relationships, focusing on your mental health, and connecting with people who understand what you’ve been through. Trusted friends, family, and peer-support spaces — like those linked through the CJS Hub — can be invaluable here. Rebuilding takes time, but it is possible. False allegations can feel devastating, but they don’t have to define the rest of your life. By understanding the process, seeking the right support, and taking steps to restore your confidence and reputation, you can start moving forward again. If you need help navigating your next steps, the CJS Hub is here with resources, guides, and connections to specialist services.
Community Sentences (2)
Sentencing Options Explained
Why Sentencing Happens
If you plead guilty or are found guilty after trial, the court has to decide what happens next. Sentencing isn’t just about punishment — it also aims to protect the public, rehabilitate offenders, and deter future offending.
Sentences can feel complex, but in most cases, they fall into one of a few main categories. Knowing the basics can make things clearer for you and your family.
Discharge — No Punishment, But Still a Record
Absolute Discharge:
- The court decides no punishment is needed.
- Rare, but can happen for very minor offences or where blame is minimal.
Conditional Discharge:
- No immediate punishment if you stay out of trouble for a set period (up to 3 years).
- If you commit another offence during that time, you can be sentenced for both.
Fines
- Fines are common for minor offences, especially in Magistrates’ Court.
- The amount depends on the seriousness of the offence and your ability to pay.
- The court can set payment plans if you can’t afford the full amount up front.
- Not paying fines can lead to enforcement action — even prison in extreme cases.
Community Orders
Community orders are designed to punish but also rehabilitate. The court can impose one or more “requirements,” such as:
- Unpaid Work (Community Service) — typically 40 to 300 hours, supervised.
- Rehabilitation Activity Requirements (RARs) — meetings, courses, or therapy aimed at addressing offending behaviour.
- Curfews / Electronic Tags — you may have to stay at home during certain hours.
- Exclusion Zones — banning you from certain places.
- Drug or Alcohol Treatment — compulsory testing or programmes if relevant.
Failing to comply can lead to harsher penalties, including custody.
Suspended Sentences
This is where the court imposes a prison sentence but “suspends” it for a set period (up to 2 years).
- You don’t go to prison straight away, but you must comply with conditions (like attending appointments, doing unpaid work, or following curfews).
- If you commit another offence or breach the order, the sentence can be “activated” — meaning you serve the original prison time plus anything for the new offence.
- A suspended sentence is still a criminal conviction and will show on a DBS check.
Immediate Custody (Prison Sentences)
If the court decides your offence is so serious that only prison is appropriate, you’ll be sentenced to custody.
How it works in England & Wales:
- Sentence length: Depends on the seriousness of the offence and your previous record.
- Automatic release:
- Sentences under 12 months → Usually serve half in prison, the rest on licence in the community.
- Sentences 12 months or longer → Usually serve half to two-thirds in custody, depending on offence type.
- Extended sentences → For some violent or sexual offences, you may serve more in prison before release.
- Life sentences & IPPs: Special rules apply, and parole decisions are involved.
Even after release, you’ll normally remain on licence — meaning probation supervises you and you must follow strict rules.
Young People (Under 18)
Sentences for young people are different and aim more at rehabilitation. Options include:
- Referral Orders — meeting with a youth offender panel to agree on a rehabilitation plan.
- Youth Rehabilitation Orders (YROs) — the youth equivalent of community orders, with tailored conditions.
- Detention & Training Orders (DTOs) — a mix of custody and supervised release.
Victim Surcharges, Costs & Compensation
Whatever sentence you receive, the court may also order:
- A Victim Surcharge — a set amount based on your sentence, used to fund victim services.
- Prosecution Costs — contributing towards the CPS’s costs.
- Compensation Orders — paying money directly to victims.
These are in addition to any fines or other penalties.
How Courts Decide: Sentencing Guidelines
Judges and magistrates follow official Sentencing Council guidelines. They look at:
- The seriousness of the offence.
- Any aggravating factors (weapons, repeat offending, targeting vulnerable victims).
- Any mitigating factors (genuine remorse, previous good character, mental health issues).
- Whether you pleaded guilty early.
Every case is different, but these rules keep sentences broadly consistent across England and Wales.
Practical Tips for Defendants & Families
- Ask your solicitor to explain likely sentencing ranges before trial or plea.
- If you’re worried about custody, ask about pre-sentence reports — these can influence whether you get community-based options.
- Make arrangements for children, pets, bills, and work before sentencing day if there’s a chance of custody.
- If you get a community or suspended sentence, stick to the conditions — breaching them makes things much worse.
What to Expect
For most people leaving prison, the sentence doesn’t end at the gate. Being released doesn’t mean you’re free to do whatever you like — you’ll almost always leave on licence. That means you’re allowed back into the community, but you’re still serving your sentence under specific rules and supervision. Understanding how your licence works, what probation expects, and where the risks lie is the key to staying on track and rebuilding your life.
What It Means to Be on Licence
When you’re released from custody, the rest of your sentence is served in the community under supervision. You’re free from the day-to-day restrictions of prison, but you’re not fully finished with the criminal justice system until your licence period ends. For most determinate sentences, this lasts until the original end date of your sentence. For life sentences and IPP sentences, licence conditions can last for many years — sometimes for life — though there are ways to apply for early termination in certain situations.
Your licence conditions are set by the Probation Service and approved by the Prison Governor before release. They’re designed to manage risk and support your reintegration. Some are standard, while others are tailored to your offence, your background, and the assessment of your risk.
Common Licence Conditions
While the exact rules vary from case to case, most people can expect conditions like:
- Living at an approved address and informing probation of any changes
- Attending regular meetings with your probation officer
- Staying away from certain people, places, or areas if they’re linked to your offence
- Not committing further offences or doing anything that raises risk concerns
- Allowing probation to visit you at home
- Seeking permission before travelling outside England & Wales
For some, especially those convicted of sexual or violent offences, there can be additional restrictions — like not contacting certain people, using the internet in specific ways, or attending treatment programmes. These will be explained in writing before you leave prison, and it’s crucial to make sure you fully understand them before signing anything.
Working with Probation
Probation’s role is to monitor risk, but also to support your resettlement. Some officers are brilliant, others less so — but either way, staying cooperative makes life easier. Missing appointments, ignoring instructions, or being dishonest will almost always cause problems. If you’re struggling with a condition — for example, finding suitable housing, meeting travel restrictions, or attending courses — speak to your probation officer as early as possible. They may be able to adjust things or refer you to other services for support.
The Risk of Recall
One of the hardest parts of being on licence is knowing that you can be recalled to prison. Recall can happen for two reasons: either you’ve been accused of breaching your licence conditions, or probation believes your risk has increased and you can’t be managed safely in the community.
Recalls aren’t always permanent. In some cases, you might be returned to custody for a fixed period before being released again, but for more serious breaches, you could stay inside until your original sentence expiry date. If you think a recall is unfair, there are routes to challenge it — but time limits are short, and it’s always better to avoid breaching in the first place if you can.
Balancing Freedom and Responsibility
Life on licence can feel restrictive at times, but it’s also a second chance — an opportunity to start rebuilding your life outside prison walls. Securing stable housing, rebuilding relationships, looking after your mental health, and accessing support for work, education, or training can all make a huge difference.
It’s normal to feel frustrated with the process, especially if conditions feel unfair or overly strict, but engaging with support services and sticking to the rules reduces the risk of recall and gets you closer to the finish line. For families and supporters, understanding how licence works helps you provide the right kind of encouragement without unintentionally making things harder.
Court (2)
Sentencing Options Explained
Why Sentencing Happens
If you plead guilty or are found guilty after trial, the court has to decide what happens next. Sentencing isn’t just about punishment — it also aims to protect the public, rehabilitate offenders, and deter future offending.
Sentences can feel complex, but in most cases, they fall into one of a few main categories. Knowing the basics can make things clearer for you and your family.
Discharge — No Punishment, But Still a Record
Absolute Discharge:
- The court decides no punishment is needed.
- Rare, but can happen for very minor offences or where blame is minimal.
Conditional Discharge:
- No immediate punishment if you stay out of trouble for a set period (up to 3 years).
- If you commit another offence during that time, you can be sentenced for both.
Fines
- Fines are common for minor offences, especially in Magistrates’ Court.
- The amount depends on the seriousness of the offence and your ability to pay.
- The court can set payment plans if you can’t afford the full amount up front.
- Not paying fines can lead to enforcement action — even prison in extreme cases.
Community Orders
Community orders are designed to punish but also rehabilitate. The court can impose one or more “requirements,” such as:
- Unpaid Work (Community Service) — typically 40 to 300 hours, supervised.
- Rehabilitation Activity Requirements (RARs) — meetings, courses, or therapy aimed at addressing offending behaviour.
- Curfews / Electronic Tags — you may have to stay at home during certain hours.
- Exclusion Zones — banning you from certain places.
- Drug or Alcohol Treatment — compulsory testing or programmes if relevant.
Failing to comply can lead to harsher penalties, including custody.
Suspended Sentences
This is where the court imposes a prison sentence but “suspends” it for a set period (up to 2 years).
- You don’t go to prison straight away, but you must comply with conditions (like attending appointments, doing unpaid work, or following curfews).
- If you commit another offence or breach the order, the sentence can be “activated” — meaning you serve the original prison time plus anything for the new offence.
- A suspended sentence is still a criminal conviction and will show on a DBS check.
Immediate Custody (Prison Sentences)
If the court decides your offence is so serious that only prison is appropriate, you’ll be sentenced to custody.
How it works in England & Wales:
- Sentence length: Depends on the seriousness of the offence and your previous record.
- Automatic release:
- Sentences under 12 months → Usually serve half in prison, the rest on licence in the community.
- Sentences 12 months or longer → Usually serve half to two-thirds in custody, depending on offence type.
- Extended sentences → For some violent or sexual offences, you may serve more in prison before release.
- Life sentences & IPPs: Special rules apply, and parole decisions are involved.
Even after release, you’ll normally remain on licence — meaning probation supervises you and you must follow strict rules.
Young People (Under 18)
Sentences for young people are different and aim more at rehabilitation. Options include:
- Referral Orders — meeting with a youth offender panel to agree on a rehabilitation plan.
- Youth Rehabilitation Orders (YROs) — the youth equivalent of community orders, with tailored conditions.
- Detention & Training Orders (DTOs) — a mix of custody and supervised release.
Victim Surcharges, Costs & Compensation
Whatever sentence you receive, the court may also order:
- A Victim Surcharge — a set amount based on your sentence, used to fund victim services.
- Prosecution Costs — contributing towards the CPS’s costs.
- Compensation Orders — paying money directly to victims.
These are in addition to any fines or other penalties.
How Courts Decide: Sentencing Guidelines
Judges and magistrates follow official Sentencing Council guidelines. They look at:
- The seriousness of the offence.
- Any aggravating factors (weapons, repeat offending, targeting vulnerable victims).
- Any mitigating factors (genuine remorse, previous good character, mental health issues).
- Whether you pleaded guilty early.
Every case is different, but these rules keep sentences broadly consistent across England and Wales.
Practical Tips for Defendants & Families
- Ask your solicitor to explain likely sentencing ranges before trial or plea.
- If you’re worried about custody, ask about pre-sentence reports — these can influence whether you get community-based options.
- Make arrangements for children, pets, bills, and work before sentencing day if there’s a chance of custody.
- If you get a community or suspended sentence, stick to the conditions — breaching them makes things much worse.
Addressing False Allegations Being accused of something you didn’t do can turn your world upside down. Even if you’re later cleared, the stress, uncertainty, and damage to your reputation can linger long after the legal process ends. It’s an incredibly isolating experience — but you are not alone, and there are practical steps you can take to protect yourself, rebuild trust, and move forward. Understanding the Process When a false allegation is made, the police have a legal duty to investigate. That can mean arrest, interview, and potentially even charges, even when the evidence seems weak. It can be frightening and frustrating, especially if you know you’ve done nothing wrong. Throughout this stage, it’s crucial to: Get proper legal advice early — ideally from a solicitor experienced in these kinds of cases Keep a clear, accurate timeline of events, messages, and evidence Avoid direct contact with the complainant, as this can complicate matters False allegations cases can drag on for months, sometimes years, and the uncertainty is often the hardest part. Knowing your rights and working closely with your legal team can help you navigate the process more confidently. What Happens if You’re NFA’d or Acquitted An NFA (No Further Action) decision or an acquittal at trial should bring closure, but many find that life doesn’t simply return to “normal.” People may still have doubts. Rumours may linger. Employers, schools, or community groups may still need reassurance. This can be painful, but there are steps you can take: Ask the police for written confirmation of the NFA or acquittal — this can help with employment or housing issues Consider requesting your custody records or full case file to keep for future reference Focus on rebuilding your personal and professional reputation gradually, starting with people you trust Reporting a False Allegation It’s natural to want justice if you’ve been wrongly accused, but it’s important to understand that prosecutions for making false allegations are rare. The CPS is cautious about pursuing these cases because of concerns about discouraging genuine victims from coming forward. To succeed, there usually needs to be clear evidence that the allegation was knowingly false — not just mistaken, exaggerated, or unsupported. If you want to explore this route, speak to your solicitor first. They can advise on the chances of success and whether a formal complaint to the police or the Independent Office for Police Conduct (IOPC) might be appropriate. Rebuilding Trust and Moving Forward Whether or not the system gives you the outcome you hoped for, the work of rebuilding often falls on you and those closest to you. That might mean repairing relationships, focusing on your mental health, and connecting with people who understand what you’ve been through. Trusted friends, family, and peer-support spaces — like those linked through the CJS Hub — can be invaluable here. Rebuilding takes time, but it is possible. False allegations can feel devastating, but they don’t have to define the rest of your life. By understanding the process, seeking the right support, and taking steps to restore your confidence and reputation, you can start moving forward again. If you need help navigating your next steps, the CJS Hub is here with resources, guides, and connections to specialist services.
Fines (1)
Sentencing Options Explained
Why Sentencing Happens
If you plead guilty or are found guilty after trial, the court has to decide what happens next. Sentencing isn’t just about punishment — it also aims to protect the public, rehabilitate offenders, and deter future offending.
Sentences can feel complex, but in most cases, they fall into one of a few main categories. Knowing the basics can make things clearer for you and your family.
Discharge — No Punishment, But Still a Record
Absolute Discharge:
- The court decides no punishment is needed.
- Rare, but can happen for very minor offences or where blame is minimal.
Conditional Discharge:
- No immediate punishment if you stay out of trouble for a set period (up to 3 years).
- If you commit another offence during that time, you can be sentenced for both.
Fines
- Fines are common for minor offences, especially in Magistrates’ Court.
- The amount depends on the seriousness of the offence and your ability to pay.
- The court can set payment plans if you can’t afford the full amount up front.
- Not paying fines can lead to enforcement action — even prison in extreme cases.
Community Orders
Community orders are designed to punish but also rehabilitate. The court can impose one or more “requirements,” such as:
- Unpaid Work (Community Service) — typically 40 to 300 hours, supervised.
- Rehabilitation Activity Requirements (RARs) — meetings, courses, or therapy aimed at addressing offending behaviour.
- Curfews / Electronic Tags — you may have to stay at home during certain hours.
- Exclusion Zones — banning you from certain places.
- Drug or Alcohol Treatment — compulsory testing or programmes if relevant.
Failing to comply can lead to harsher penalties, including custody.
Suspended Sentences
This is where the court imposes a prison sentence but “suspends” it for a set period (up to 2 years).
- You don’t go to prison straight away, but you must comply with conditions (like attending appointments, doing unpaid work, or following curfews).
- If you commit another offence or breach the order, the sentence can be “activated” — meaning you serve the original prison time plus anything for the new offence.
- A suspended sentence is still a criminal conviction and will show on a DBS check.
Immediate Custody (Prison Sentences)
If the court decides your offence is so serious that only prison is appropriate, you’ll be sentenced to custody.
How it works in England & Wales:
- Sentence length: Depends on the seriousness of the offence and your previous record.
- Automatic release:
- Sentences under 12 months → Usually serve half in prison, the rest on licence in the community.
- Sentences 12 months or longer → Usually serve half to two-thirds in custody, depending on offence type.
- Extended sentences → For some violent or sexual offences, you may serve more in prison before release.
- Life sentences & IPPs: Special rules apply, and parole decisions are involved.
Even after release, you’ll normally remain on licence — meaning probation supervises you and you must follow strict rules.
Young People (Under 18)
Sentences for young people are different and aim more at rehabilitation. Options include:
- Referral Orders — meeting with a youth offender panel to agree on a rehabilitation plan.
- Youth Rehabilitation Orders (YROs) — the youth equivalent of community orders, with tailored conditions.
- Detention & Training Orders (DTOs) — a mix of custody and supervised release.
Victim Surcharges, Costs & Compensation
Whatever sentence you receive, the court may also order:
- A Victim Surcharge — a set amount based on your sentence, used to fund victim services.
- Prosecution Costs — contributing towards the CPS’s costs.
- Compensation Orders — paying money directly to victims.
These are in addition to any fines or other penalties.
How Courts Decide: Sentencing Guidelines
Judges and magistrates follow official Sentencing Council guidelines. They look at:
- The seriousness of the offence.
- Any aggravating factors (weapons, repeat offending, targeting vulnerable victims).
- Any mitigating factors (genuine remorse, previous good character, mental health issues).
- Whether you pleaded guilty early.
Every case is different, but these rules keep sentences broadly consistent across England and Wales.
Practical Tips for Defendants & Families
- Ask your solicitor to explain likely sentencing ranges before trial or plea.
- If you’re worried about custody, ask about pre-sentence reports — these can influence whether you get community-based options.
- Make arrangements for children, pets, bills, and work before sentencing day if there’s a chance of custody.
- If you get a community or suspended sentence, stick to the conditions — breaching them makes things much worse.
Investigations (1)
Addressing False Allegations Being accused of something you didn’t do can turn your world upside down. Even if you’re later cleared, the stress, uncertainty, and damage to your reputation can linger long after the legal process ends. It’s an incredibly isolating experience — but you are not alone, and there are practical steps you can take to protect yourself, rebuild trust, and move forward. Understanding the Process When a false allegation is made, the police have a legal duty to investigate. That can mean arrest, interview, and potentially even charges, even when the evidence seems weak. It can be frightening and frustrating, especially if you know you’ve done nothing wrong. Throughout this stage, it’s crucial to: Get proper legal advice early — ideally from a solicitor experienced in these kinds of cases Keep a clear, accurate timeline of events, messages, and evidence Avoid direct contact with the complainant, as this can complicate matters False allegations cases can drag on for months, sometimes years, and the uncertainty is often the hardest part. Knowing your rights and working closely with your legal team can help you navigate the process more confidently. What Happens if You’re NFA’d or Acquitted An NFA (No Further Action) decision or an acquittal at trial should bring closure, but many find that life doesn’t simply return to “normal.” People may still have doubts. Rumours may linger. Employers, schools, or community groups may still need reassurance. This can be painful, but there are steps you can take: Ask the police for written confirmation of the NFA or acquittal — this can help with employment or housing issues Consider requesting your custody records or full case file to keep for future reference Focus on rebuilding your personal and professional reputation gradually, starting with people you trust Reporting a False Allegation It’s natural to want justice if you’ve been wrongly accused, but it’s important to understand that prosecutions for making false allegations are rare. The CPS is cautious about pursuing these cases because of concerns about discouraging genuine victims from coming forward. To succeed, there usually needs to be clear evidence that the allegation was knowingly false — not just mistaken, exaggerated, or unsupported. If you want to explore this route, speak to your solicitor first. They can advise on the chances of success and whether a formal complaint to the police or the Independent Office for Police Conduct (IOPC) might be appropriate. Rebuilding Trust and Moving Forward Whether or not the system gives you the outcome you hoped for, the work of rebuilding often falls on you and those closest to you. That might mean repairing relationships, focusing on your mental health, and connecting with people who understand what you’ve been through. Trusted friends, family, and peer-support spaces — like those linked through the CJS Hub — can be invaluable here. Rebuilding takes time, but it is possible. False allegations can feel devastating, but they don’t have to define the rest of your life. By understanding the process, seeking the right support, and taking steps to restore your confidence and reputation, you can start moving forward again. If you need help navigating your next steps, the CJS Hub is here with resources, guides, and connections to specialist services.
Parole (3)
Understanding When People Are Released
One of the hardest parts of going through the criminal justice system — whether you’re serving time or supporting someone inside — is trying to understand when release might actually happen. There isn’t one simple answer, because different types of sentence have very different rules about when someone can leave custody. Knowing how the system works helps you plan, manage expectations, and focus on what you can control along the way.
Fixed-Term (Determinate) Sentences
Most people in prison are serving what’s called a determinate sentence. That simply means the court sets a fixed length, and your release date is calculated from that.
For determinate sentences under four years, the usual rule is that you serve half of the sentence in custody and the rest on licence in the community, under probation supervision. If you’re given four years, for example, you’ll normally spend around two inside, then be released automatically at the halfway point. You don’t need to apply — it’s automatic unless something unusual happens, like being recalled or facing new charges.
For sentences over four years, the process can be slightly different depending on the offence and the level of risk assessed by probation. Some prisoners are still released automatically at the halfway stage, but others may have to wait until they’ve served two-thirds before automatic release kicks in. In certain cases — especially for more serious offences — release at two-thirds is no longer automatic and instead depends on a review by the Parole Board.
Extended Determinate Sentences (EDS)
If someone has been deemed a higher risk to the public, they might be given an Extended Determinate Sentence. These combine a custodial period with an extended period of licence once released. The big difference here is that release is not automatic at halfway — you usually have to serve two-thirds of the custodial part before you’re even eligible to apply for release, and it’s the Parole Board that decides whether you can leave at that point. If they say no, you’ll stay inside until the end of the custodial term before moving onto licence.
Life Sentences
Life doesn’t always mean life — but it does mean the sentence lasts for the rest of the person’s life. When a court hands down a life sentence, it also sets a minimum term (sometimes called the “tariff”), which is the amount of time that must be served before the person can even be considered for release.
Once that minimum term has been served, the case goes to the Parole Board, who look at things like behaviour in custody, completed courses, risk assessments, and any evidence of rehabilitation. There’s no guarantee of release at the tariff point — some people spend many more years inside if the board isn’t satisfied that the risk can be managed in the community. Even after release, people on life sentences remain on licence for the rest of their lives and can be recalled at any time.
IPP Sentences (Imprisonment for Public Protection)
Although IPP sentences were scrapped in 2012, thousands of people are still serving them today. They’re one of the most complex and controversial parts of the system. With an IPP, the judge sets a minimum tariff, but after that, there’s no automatic release.
People on IPP stay in custody until the Parole Board is convinced that the risk can be safely managed in the community. Many people serve far beyond their tariffs, and even after release, the licence period lasts at least ten years before it can be considered for termination. If you or someone you’re supporting is serving an IPP, seeking specialist advice and gathering strong evidence of rehabilitation can make a huge difference.
Home Detention Curfew (HDC) and Early Release
For some people serving determinate sentences of between 12 weeks and four years, there’s a possibility of being released earlier than the halfway point under the Home Detention Curfew (HDC) scheme — often called “tagging.”
Eligibility depends on the sentence length, behaviour in custody, and whether there’s a safe address to go to. If approved, you could leave prison up to 135 days early, but you’ll have strict curfew conditions and electronic monitoring. Not everyone qualifies — violent, sexual, and high-risk cases are often excluded — but it’s worth applying if you meet the criteria.
Preparing for Release
Across all sentence types, your behaviour, engagement with rehabilitation, and willingness to prepare for life outside can affect release decisions — especially where the Parole Board is involved. Completing accredited courses, keeping out of trouble, working or studying inside, and showing progress in managing risk can all strengthen your position when the time comes.
If you’re supporting someone inside, helping them stay on top of sentence planning, encouraging engagement with probation, and being part of their resettlement plans can make a real difference.
What to Expect
For most people leaving prison, the sentence doesn’t end at the gate. Being released doesn’t mean you’re free to do whatever you like — you’ll almost always leave on licence. That means you’re allowed back into the community, but you’re still serving your sentence under specific rules and supervision. Understanding how your licence works, what probation expects, and where the risks lie is the key to staying on track and rebuilding your life.
What It Means to Be on Licence
When you’re released from custody, the rest of your sentence is served in the community under supervision. You’re free from the day-to-day restrictions of prison, but you’re not fully finished with the criminal justice system until your licence period ends. For most determinate sentences, this lasts until the original end date of your sentence. For life sentences and IPP sentences, licence conditions can last for many years — sometimes for life — though there are ways to apply for early termination in certain situations.
Your licence conditions are set by the Probation Service and approved by the Prison Governor before release. They’re designed to manage risk and support your reintegration. Some are standard, while others are tailored to your offence, your background, and the assessment of your risk.
Common Licence Conditions
While the exact rules vary from case to case, most people can expect conditions like:
- Living at an approved address and informing probation of any changes
- Attending regular meetings with your probation officer
- Staying away from certain people, places, or areas if they’re linked to your offence
- Not committing further offences or doing anything that raises risk concerns
- Allowing probation to visit you at home
- Seeking permission before travelling outside England & Wales
For some, especially those convicted of sexual or violent offences, there can be additional restrictions — like not contacting certain people, using the internet in specific ways, or attending treatment programmes. These will be explained in writing before you leave prison, and it’s crucial to make sure you fully understand them before signing anything.
Working with Probation
Probation’s role is to monitor risk, but also to support your resettlement. Some officers are brilliant, others less so — but either way, staying cooperative makes life easier. Missing appointments, ignoring instructions, or being dishonest will almost always cause problems. If you’re struggling with a condition — for example, finding suitable housing, meeting travel restrictions, or attending courses — speak to your probation officer as early as possible. They may be able to adjust things or refer you to other services for support.
The Risk of Recall
One of the hardest parts of being on licence is knowing that you can be recalled to prison. Recall can happen for two reasons: either you’ve been accused of breaching your licence conditions, or probation believes your risk has increased and you can’t be managed safely in the community.
Recalls aren’t always permanent. In some cases, you might be returned to custody for a fixed period before being released again, but for more serious breaches, you could stay inside until your original sentence expiry date. If you think a recall is unfair, there are routes to challenge it — but time limits are short, and it’s always better to avoid breaching in the first place if you can.
Balancing Freedom and Responsibility
Life on licence can feel restrictive at times, but it’s also a second chance — an opportunity to start rebuilding your life outside prison walls. Securing stable housing, rebuilding relationships, looking after your mental health, and accessing support for work, education, or training can all make a huge difference.
It’s normal to feel frustrated with the process, especially if conditions feel unfair or overly strict, but engaging with support services and sticking to the rules reduces the risk of recall and gets you closer to the finish line. For families and supporters, understanding how licence works helps you provide the right kind of encouragement without unintentionally making things harder.
Walking out of the prison gates is often described as freedom — but for many, it’s the start of an entirely new challenge. Life after release can feel overwhelming, whether you’re the one coming out or supporting someone who is. There’s relief, yes, but there’s also uncertainty, anxiety, and the weight of rebuilding a life that’s been on hold.
Reintegration isn’t about going back to how things were before — it’s about creating a new way forward. The CJS Hub is here to help you navigate that journey, offering practical advice and pointing you towards the right support.
Facing the First Few Days
The first days after release are often the hardest. Everything feels fast, noisy, and different, especially if someone’s been inside for months or years. Even small tasks — using a bank card, travelling, or accessing healthcare — can feel daunting.
This is also the stage where licence conditions or probation requirements kick in. There might be curfews, reporting times, or restrictions on where you can live or who you can contact. Understanding these rules early on helps avoid mistakes that could lead to recall.
For family and friends, patience is key. Give your loved one space to process everything, but be ready to step in if they need practical help. Sometimes that’s as simple as helping with paperwork, arranging appointments, or offering a quiet place to breathe.
Building a Stable Foundation
Rebuilding life after release starts with stability. That usually means securing three essentials:
- Somewhere safe to live — This could be temporary housing, staying with family, or applying for supported accommodation. Probation and resettlement teams can sometimes help, but spaces are limited, so it’s worth exploring multiple options.
- A source of income — Whether through work, benefits, or a mix of both, having financial stability reduces stress and risk. Finding employment can be challenging with a record, but support organisations exist to connect people with second-chance employers.
- Access to healthcare — Many people leave prison with untreated mental or physical health issues. Registering with a GP and getting referrals where needed is an important early step.
Getting these basics sorted doesn’t solve everything — but without them, rebuilding is almost impossible.
Staying Connected and Supported
For many, release is emotionally messy. There can be shame, anger, anxiety, or even guilt about lost time. Relationships with partners, children, and friends may feel strained or uncertain. Rebuilding trust takes patience and honesty — both ways.
Support doesn’t just come from family. Community groups, peer networks, and mentoring programmes can offer spaces where people don’t have to explain themselves. These networks help with motivation, confidence, and knowing you’re not going through it alone.
Making Use of Available Help
There are organisations across England and Wales dedicated to helping people rebuild after release. From housing charities and employment projects to mental health services and addiction recovery programmes, there is help out there — though it isn’t always easy to find or access.
The CJS Hub is pulling these resources together in one place to make them easier to navigate. Whether you’re looking for practical support, peer communities, or someone who understands what you’re facing, we’ll point you in the right direction.
Life after prison can be challenging, but it isn’t hopeless. Rebuilding takes time, persistence, and support — but with the right help, it is absolutely possible to move forward. Every step, no matter how small, is progress.
The CJS Hub exists to guide you through this stage — connecting you with information, resources, and a community of people who understand what you’re going through.
Police (1)
Addressing False Allegations Being accused of something you didn’t do can turn your world upside down. Even if you’re later cleared, the stress, uncertainty, and damage to your reputation can linger long after the legal process ends. It’s an incredibly isolating experience — but you are not alone, and there are practical steps you can take to protect yourself, rebuild trust, and move forward. Understanding the Process When a false allegation is made, the police have a legal duty to investigate. That can mean arrest, interview, and potentially even charges, even when the evidence seems weak. It can be frightening and frustrating, especially if you know you’ve done nothing wrong. Throughout this stage, it’s crucial to: Get proper legal advice early — ideally from a solicitor experienced in these kinds of cases Keep a clear, accurate timeline of events, messages, and evidence Avoid direct contact with the complainant, as this can complicate matters False allegations cases can drag on for months, sometimes years, and the uncertainty is often the hardest part. Knowing your rights and working closely with your legal team can help you navigate the process more confidently. What Happens if You’re NFA’d or Acquitted An NFA (No Further Action) decision or an acquittal at trial should bring closure, but many find that life doesn’t simply return to “normal.” People may still have doubts. Rumours may linger. Employers, schools, or community groups may still need reassurance. This can be painful, but there are steps you can take: Ask the police for written confirmation of the NFA or acquittal — this can help with employment or housing issues Consider requesting your custody records or full case file to keep for future reference Focus on rebuilding your personal and professional reputation gradually, starting with people you trust Reporting a False Allegation It’s natural to want justice if you’ve been wrongly accused, but it’s important to understand that prosecutions for making false allegations are rare. The CPS is cautious about pursuing these cases because of concerns about discouraging genuine victims from coming forward. To succeed, there usually needs to be clear evidence that the allegation was knowingly false — not just mistaken, exaggerated, or unsupported. If you want to explore this route, speak to your solicitor first. They can advise on the chances of success and whether a formal complaint to the police or the Independent Office for Police Conduct (IOPC) might be appropriate. Rebuilding Trust and Moving Forward Whether or not the system gives you the outcome you hoped for, the work of rebuilding often falls on you and those closest to you. That might mean repairing relationships, focusing on your mental health, and connecting with people who understand what you’ve been through. Trusted friends, family, and peer-support spaces — like those linked through the CJS Hub — can be invaluable here. Rebuilding takes time, but it is possible. False allegations can feel devastating, but they don’t have to define the rest of your life. By understanding the process, seeking the right support, and taking steps to restore your confidence and reputation, you can start moving forward again. If you need help navigating your next steps, the CJS Hub is here with resources, guides, and connections to specialist services.
Prison (8)
Sentencing Options Explained
Why Sentencing Happens
If you plead guilty or are found guilty after trial, the court has to decide what happens next. Sentencing isn’t just about punishment — it also aims to protect the public, rehabilitate offenders, and deter future offending.
Sentences can feel complex, but in most cases, they fall into one of a few main categories. Knowing the basics can make things clearer for you and your family.
Discharge — No Punishment, But Still a Record
Absolute Discharge:
- The court decides no punishment is needed.
- Rare, but can happen for very minor offences or where blame is minimal.
Conditional Discharge:
- No immediate punishment if you stay out of trouble for a set period (up to 3 years).
- If you commit another offence during that time, you can be sentenced for both.
Fines
- Fines are common for minor offences, especially in Magistrates’ Court.
- The amount depends on the seriousness of the offence and your ability to pay.
- The court can set payment plans if you can’t afford the full amount up front.
- Not paying fines can lead to enforcement action — even prison in extreme cases.
Community Orders
Community orders are designed to punish but also rehabilitate. The court can impose one or more “requirements,” such as:
- Unpaid Work (Community Service) — typically 40 to 300 hours, supervised.
- Rehabilitation Activity Requirements (RARs) — meetings, courses, or therapy aimed at addressing offending behaviour.
- Curfews / Electronic Tags — you may have to stay at home during certain hours.
- Exclusion Zones — banning you from certain places.
- Drug or Alcohol Treatment — compulsory testing or programmes if relevant.
Failing to comply can lead to harsher penalties, including custody.
Suspended Sentences
This is where the court imposes a prison sentence but “suspends” it for a set period (up to 2 years).
- You don’t go to prison straight away, but you must comply with conditions (like attending appointments, doing unpaid work, or following curfews).
- If you commit another offence or breach the order, the sentence can be “activated” — meaning you serve the original prison time plus anything for the new offence.
- A suspended sentence is still a criminal conviction and will show on a DBS check.
Immediate Custody (Prison Sentences)
If the court decides your offence is so serious that only prison is appropriate, you’ll be sentenced to custody.
How it works in England & Wales:
- Sentence length: Depends on the seriousness of the offence and your previous record.
- Automatic release:
- Sentences under 12 months → Usually serve half in prison, the rest on licence in the community.
- Sentences 12 months or longer → Usually serve half to two-thirds in custody, depending on offence type.
- Extended sentences → For some violent or sexual offences, you may serve more in prison before release.
- Life sentences & IPPs: Special rules apply, and parole decisions are involved.
Even after release, you’ll normally remain on licence — meaning probation supervises you and you must follow strict rules.
Young People (Under 18)
Sentences for young people are different and aim more at rehabilitation. Options include:
- Referral Orders — meeting with a youth offender panel to agree on a rehabilitation plan.
- Youth Rehabilitation Orders (YROs) — the youth equivalent of community orders, with tailored conditions.
- Detention & Training Orders (DTOs) — a mix of custody and supervised release.
Victim Surcharges, Costs & Compensation
Whatever sentence you receive, the court may also order:
- A Victim Surcharge — a set amount based on your sentence, used to fund victim services.
- Prosecution Costs — contributing towards the CPS’s costs.
- Compensation Orders — paying money directly to victims.
These are in addition to any fines or other penalties.
How Courts Decide: Sentencing Guidelines
Judges and magistrates follow official Sentencing Council guidelines. They look at:
- The seriousness of the offence.
- Any aggravating factors (weapons, repeat offending, targeting vulnerable victims).
- Any mitigating factors (genuine remorse, previous good character, mental health issues).
- Whether you pleaded guilty early.
Every case is different, but these rules keep sentences broadly consistent across England and Wales.
Practical Tips for Defendants & Families
- Ask your solicitor to explain likely sentencing ranges before trial or plea.
- If you’re worried about custody, ask about pre-sentence reports — these can influence whether you get community-based options.
- Make arrangements for children, pets, bills, and work before sentencing day if there’s a chance of custody.
- If you get a community or suspended sentence, stick to the conditions — breaching them makes things much worse.
Walking into prison for the first time can be overwhelming. Whether you’re going in yourself or supporting someone who is, the reality of day-to-day life can feel very different from what the official leaflets describe. Prisons are meant to provide structure, routine, and access to work or education, but in many local reception prisons, staff shortages and overcrowding mean a lot of time is spent locked in your cell.
Most people start their sentence, or are held on remand, in a local prison. These are busy, high-pressure environments where resources are stretched. Breakfast usually comes in the form of a small “breakfast pack” given to you the night before — often cereal, milk, maybe a juice carton or teabag — so you’ll eat in your cell rather than collecting a fresh meal in the morning. Unlock times vary from prison to prison, but delays are common, and it’s not unusual to still be behind your door well past 8am.
Once unlocked, the day depends on where you are, your sentence, and what activities are available. You might be allocated work, education, gym time, or exercise in the yard, but in many locals, these sessions are frequently cancelled if there aren’t enough staff. For those on remand wings especially, there’s often very little structured activity, and long periods of lock-up are the norm. Association — the short window where you can mix with other prisoners can be as little as an hour in the afternoon or evening, and even that sometimes gets cancelled. By early evening, after the last meal of the day, many wings are locked down for the night, which can be as early as 6pm or 7pm.
For those serving longer sentences, things often improve over time. Many people are eventually moved on from local prisons to training prisons or resettlement prisons, where there are usually more opportunities to work, study, and prepare for release. These prisons tend to feel calmer, with longer association periods, more consistent routines, and better access to education or vocational training. Later still, for those on lower-risk categories, there are open prisons where movement is freer and, in some cases, you may even be able to apply for Release on Temporary Licence (ROTL), which allows short periods outside the prison to work or reconnect with family as part of preparing for life after custody.
Keeping in touch with loved ones is one of the most important parts of prison life. At most prisons, you’ll have access to phones in your room that can call pre-approved numbers, and many establishments also run the “Email a Prisoner” service, where family and friends send messages online that are printed and handed out on the wing. Social visits can be booked in advance, and the number you’re entitled to depends on whether you’re sentenced or on remand. Some prisons also offer video calls, though availability varies.
Work, education, and activities are meant to form part of daily life, but again, what’s offered in reality depends on where you are. Jobs might include cleaning, working in the kitchen, helping in the library, or assisting other prisoners, while some prisons run workshops teaching practical skills. Education ranges from basic literacy to Open University degrees, but accessing these opportunities can take persistence, especially in crowded locals where waiting lists are long.
Religion and chaplaincy also play a big role for many people inside. Every prison has a chaplaincy team, and they’re there for everyone — regardless of faith or belief. You can attend services, have one-to-one support, and speak to chaplains about personal or family difficulties. A lot of prisoners say the chaplaincy team are among the most approachable people in the prison, and you don’t need to be religious to seek their support.
Adjusting to the social side of prison life can take time. You’re sharing space with hundreds of strangers, all coping in different ways, and tensions can sometimes run high. Keeping a low profile, staying respectful, and finding your own small routines usually makes things easier. Support is available if you feel unsafe or overwhelmed — through the safer custody teams, healthcare, peer listeners trained by the Samaritans, and the chaplaincy.
Daily prison life can be tough, especially in the first few weeks while you adjust to the pace, but knowing what to expect helps. For many, the hardest part is the amount of time spent behind the door — finding ways to fill that time makes a real difference. Reading, writing, journaling, planning calls, or setting personal goals can give the days more structure. And while resources can be stretched, there are people and services in every prison whose role is to help you manage, cope, and prepare for what comes next.
Addressing False Allegations Being accused of something you didn’t do can turn your world upside down. Even if you’re later cleared, the stress, uncertainty, and damage to your reputation can linger long after the legal process ends. It’s an incredibly isolating experience — but you are not alone, and there are practical steps you can take to protect yourself, rebuild trust, and move forward. Understanding the Process When a false allegation is made, the police have a legal duty to investigate. That can mean arrest, interview, and potentially even charges, even when the evidence seems weak. It can be frightening and frustrating, especially if you know you’ve done nothing wrong. Throughout this stage, it’s crucial to: Get proper legal advice early — ideally from a solicitor experienced in these kinds of cases Keep a clear, accurate timeline of events, messages, and evidence Avoid direct contact with the complainant, as this can complicate matters False allegations cases can drag on for months, sometimes years, and the uncertainty is often the hardest part. Knowing your rights and working closely with your legal team can help you navigate the process more confidently. What Happens if You’re NFA’d or Acquitted An NFA (No Further Action) decision or an acquittal at trial should bring closure, but many find that life doesn’t simply return to “normal.” People may still have doubts. Rumours may linger. Employers, schools, or community groups may still need reassurance. This can be painful, but there are steps you can take: Ask the police for written confirmation of the NFA or acquittal — this can help with employment or housing issues Consider requesting your custody records or full case file to keep for future reference Focus on rebuilding your personal and professional reputation gradually, starting with people you trust Reporting a False Allegation It’s natural to want justice if you’ve been wrongly accused, but it’s important to understand that prosecutions for making false allegations are rare. The CPS is cautious about pursuing these cases because of concerns about discouraging genuine victims from coming forward. To succeed, there usually needs to be clear evidence that the allegation was knowingly false — not just mistaken, exaggerated, or unsupported. If you want to explore this route, speak to your solicitor first. They can advise on the chances of success and whether a formal complaint to the police or the Independent Office for Police Conduct (IOPC) might be appropriate. Rebuilding Trust and Moving Forward Whether or not the system gives you the outcome you hoped for, the work of rebuilding often falls on you and those closest to you. That might mean repairing relationships, focusing on your mental health, and connecting with people who understand what you’ve been through. Trusted friends, family, and peer-support spaces — like those linked through the CJS Hub — can be invaluable here. Rebuilding takes time, but it is possible. False allegations can feel devastating, but they don’t have to define the rest of your life. By understanding the process, seeking the right support, and taking steps to restore your confidence and reputation, you can start moving forward again. If you need help navigating your next steps, the CJS Hub is here with resources, guides, and connections to specialist services.
Understanding When People Are Released
One of the hardest parts of going through the criminal justice system — whether you’re serving time or supporting someone inside — is trying to understand when release might actually happen. There isn’t one simple answer, because different types of sentence have very different rules about when someone can leave custody. Knowing how the system works helps you plan, manage expectations, and focus on what you can control along the way.
Fixed-Term (Determinate) Sentences
Most people in prison are serving what’s called a determinate sentence. That simply means the court sets a fixed length, and your release date is calculated from that.
For determinate sentences under four years, the usual rule is that you serve half of the sentence in custody and the rest on licence in the community, under probation supervision. If you’re given four years, for example, you’ll normally spend around two inside, then be released automatically at the halfway point. You don’t need to apply — it’s automatic unless something unusual happens, like being recalled or facing new charges.
For sentences over four years, the process can be slightly different depending on the offence and the level of risk assessed by probation. Some prisoners are still released automatically at the halfway stage, but others may have to wait until they’ve served two-thirds before automatic release kicks in. In certain cases — especially for more serious offences — release at two-thirds is no longer automatic and instead depends on a review by the Parole Board.
Extended Determinate Sentences (EDS)
If someone has been deemed a higher risk to the public, they might be given an Extended Determinate Sentence. These combine a custodial period with an extended period of licence once released. The big difference here is that release is not automatic at halfway — you usually have to serve two-thirds of the custodial part before you’re even eligible to apply for release, and it’s the Parole Board that decides whether you can leave at that point. If they say no, you’ll stay inside until the end of the custodial term before moving onto licence.
Life Sentences
Life doesn’t always mean life — but it does mean the sentence lasts for the rest of the person’s life. When a court hands down a life sentence, it also sets a minimum term (sometimes called the “tariff”), which is the amount of time that must be served before the person can even be considered for release.
Once that minimum term has been served, the case goes to the Parole Board, who look at things like behaviour in custody, completed courses, risk assessments, and any evidence of rehabilitation. There’s no guarantee of release at the tariff point — some people spend many more years inside if the board isn’t satisfied that the risk can be managed in the community. Even after release, people on life sentences remain on licence for the rest of their lives and can be recalled at any time.
IPP Sentences (Imprisonment for Public Protection)
Although IPP sentences were scrapped in 2012, thousands of people are still serving them today. They’re one of the most complex and controversial parts of the system. With an IPP, the judge sets a minimum tariff, but after that, there’s no automatic release.
People on IPP stay in custody until the Parole Board is convinced that the risk can be safely managed in the community. Many people serve far beyond their tariffs, and even after release, the licence period lasts at least ten years before it can be considered for termination. If you or someone you’re supporting is serving an IPP, seeking specialist advice and gathering strong evidence of rehabilitation can make a huge difference.
Home Detention Curfew (HDC) and Early Release
For some people serving determinate sentences of between 12 weeks and four years, there’s a possibility of being released earlier than the halfway point under the Home Detention Curfew (HDC) scheme — often called “tagging.”
Eligibility depends on the sentence length, behaviour in custody, and whether there’s a safe address to go to. If approved, you could leave prison up to 135 days early, but you’ll have strict curfew conditions and electronic monitoring. Not everyone qualifies — violent, sexual, and high-risk cases are often excluded — but it’s worth applying if you meet the criteria.
Preparing for Release
Across all sentence types, your behaviour, engagement with rehabilitation, and willingness to prepare for life outside can affect release decisions — especially where the Parole Board is involved. Completing accredited courses, keeping out of trouble, working or studying inside, and showing progress in managing risk can all strengthen your position when the time comes.
If you’re supporting someone inside, helping them stay on top of sentence planning, encouraging engagement with probation, and being part of their resettlement plans can make a real difference.
What to Expect
For most people leaving prison, the sentence doesn’t end at the gate. Being released doesn’t mean you’re free to do whatever you like — you’ll almost always leave on licence. That means you’re allowed back into the community, but you’re still serving your sentence under specific rules and supervision. Understanding how your licence works, what probation expects, and where the risks lie is the key to staying on track and rebuilding your life.
What It Means to Be on Licence
When you’re released from custody, the rest of your sentence is served in the community under supervision. You’re free from the day-to-day restrictions of prison, but you’re not fully finished with the criminal justice system until your licence period ends. For most determinate sentences, this lasts until the original end date of your sentence. For life sentences and IPP sentences, licence conditions can last for many years — sometimes for life — though there are ways to apply for early termination in certain situations.
Your licence conditions are set by the Probation Service and approved by the Prison Governor before release. They’re designed to manage risk and support your reintegration. Some are standard, while others are tailored to your offence, your background, and the assessment of your risk.
Common Licence Conditions
While the exact rules vary from case to case, most people can expect conditions like:
- Living at an approved address and informing probation of any changes
- Attending regular meetings with your probation officer
- Staying away from certain people, places, or areas if they’re linked to your offence
- Not committing further offences or doing anything that raises risk concerns
- Allowing probation to visit you at home
- Seeking permission before travelling outside England & Wales
For some, especially those convicted of sexual or violent offences, there can be additional restrictions — like not contacting certain people, using the internet in specific ways, or attending treatment programmes. These will be explained in writing before you leave prison, and it’s crucial to make sure you fully understand them before signing anything.
Working with Probation
Probation’s role is to monitor risk, but also to support your resettlement. Some officers are brilliant, others less so — but either way, staying cooperative makes life easier. Missing appointments, ignoring instructions, or being dishonest will almost always cause problems. If you’re struggling with a condition — for example, finding suitable housing, meeting travel restrictions, or attending courses — speak to your probation officer as early as possible. They may be able to adjust things or refer you to other services for support.
The Risk of Recall
One of the hardest parts of being on licence is knowing that you can be recalled to prison. Recall can happen for two reasons: either you’ve been accused of breaching your licence conditions, or probation believes your risk has increased and you can’t be managed safely in the community.
Recalls aren’t always permanent. In some cases, you might be returned to custody for a fixed period before being released again, but for more serious breaches, you could stay inside until your original sentence expiry date. If you think a recall is unfair, there are routes to challenge it — but time limits are short, and it’s always better to avoid breaching in the first place if you can.
Balancing Freedom and Responsibility
Life on licence can feel restrictive at times, but it’s also a second chance — an opportunity to start rebuilding your life outside prison walls. Securing stable housing, rebuilding relationships, looking after your mental health, and accessing support for work, education, or training can all make a huge difference.
It’s normal to feel frustrated with the process, especially if conditions feel unfair or overly strict, but engaging with support services and sticking to the rules reduces the risk of recall and gets you closer to the finish line. For families and supporters, understanding how licence works helps you provide the right kind of encouragement without unintentionally making things harder.
Walking out of the prison gates is often described as freedom — but for many, it’s the start of an entirely new challenge. Life after release can feel overwhelming, whether you’re the one coming out or supporting someone who is. There’s relief, yes, but there’s also uncertainty, anxiety, and the weight of rebuilding a life that’s been on hold.
Reintegration isn’t about going back to how things were before — it’s about creating a new way forward. The CJS Hub is here to help you navigate that journey, offering practical advice and pointing you towards the right support.
Facing the First Few Days
The first days after release are often the hardest. Everything feels fast, noisy, and different, especially if someone’s been inside for months or years. Even small tasks — using a bank card, travelling, or accessing healthcare — can feel daunting.
This is also the stage where licence conditions or probation requirements kick in. There might be curfews, reporting times, or restrictions on where you can live or who you can contact. Understanding these rules early on helps avoid mistakes that could lead to recall.
For family and friends, patience is key. Give your loved one space to process everything, but be ready to step in if they need practical help. Sometimes that’s as simple as helping with paperwork, arranging appointments, or offering a quiet place to breathe.
Building a Stable Foundation
Rebuilding life after release starts with stability. That usually means securing three essentials:
- Somewhere safe to live — This could be temporary housing, staying with family, or applying for supported accommodation. Probation and resettlement teams can sometimes help, but spaces are limited, so it’s worth exploring multiple options.
- A source of income — Whether through work, benefits, or a mix of both, having financial stability reduces stress and risk. Finding employment can be challenging with a record, but support organisations exist to connect people with second-chance employers.
- Access to healthcare — Many people leave prison with untreated mental or physical health issues. Registering with a GP and getting referrals where needed is an important early step.
Getting these basics sorted doesn’t solve everything — but without them, rebuilding is almost impossible.
Staying Connected and Supported
For many, release is emotionally messy. There can be shame, anger, anxiety, or even guilt about lost time. Relationships with partners, children, and friends may feel strained or uncertain. Rebuilding trust takes patience and honesty — both ways.
Support doesn’t just come from family. Community groups, peer networks, and mentoring programmes can offer spaces where people don’t have to explain themselves. These networks help with motivation, confidence, and knowing you’re not going through it alone.
Making Use of Available Help
There are organisations across England and Wales dedicated to helping people rebuild after release. From housing charities and employment projects to mental health services and addiction recovery programmes, there is help out there — though it isn’t always easy to find or access.
The CJS Hub is pulling these resources together in one place to make them easier to navigate. Whether you’re looking for practical support, peer communities, or someone who understands what you’re facing, we’ll point you in the right direction.
Life after prison can be challenging, but it isn’t hopeless. Rebuilding takes time, persistence, and support — but with the right help, it is absolutely possible to move forward. Every step, no matter how small, is progress.
The CJS Hub exists to guide you through this stage — connecting you with information, resources, and a community of people who understand what you’re going through.
When you walk into prison for the first time, it can feel like you’ve lost control of everything — but it’s important to know that you don’t lose all your rights. While your freedom is restricted, you’re still entitled to safety, dignity, and proper healthcare. Understanding what you can expect, and what you’re entitled to, can make a huge difference both for you and for the people supporting you.
You have the right to humane treatment, the right to practise your religion, and the right to complain if something isn’t right. You also have the right to healthcare equivalent to what you’d receive outside prison — but the reality is that services inside are under pressure, and things can take time. Knowing how the system works makes it easier to navigate and get the help you need.
When you first arrive at prison, you’ll have a health screening. This is a chance to raise any existing conditions, medications, or ongoing needs. Healthcare inside is usually run by the NHS or an NHS-contracted provider, and in theory the standard should match what you’d get in the community. In practice, things can move slowly, especially in busy local prisons where demand is high and staff are stretched. If you need to see a GP, nurse, dentist, or optician, you’ll normally put in a healthcare request, but waiting times can vary. Urgent issues are dealt with more quickly, and in emergencies, people are taken to hospital under escort.
Mental health support is there, but again, it’s limited and can vary a lot between prisons. Some prisons have mental health nurses on-site and can arrange counselling or assessments if you need them. There’s also the Listener scheme, where trained prisoners work with the Samaritans to support others confidentially, and chaplaincy teams are often a big source of emotional support — you don’t need to be religious to speak to them. If someone is considered at risk of self-harm or suicide, they may be placed on an ACCT plan. That means more regular checks, closer monitoring, and extra input from staff and peers to keep them safe.
If something goes wrong — whether it’s about healthcare, safety, or how you’re being treated — there is a complaints process in every prison. Most issues can be raised directly with wing staff or healthcare first, but if that doesn’t resolve it, there are formal routes. Complaints about healthcare can eventually be taken to the NHS, and unresolved wider issues can be escalated to the Prisons and Probation Ombudsman. Some prisons also have independent advocates and peer mentors who can help you get your voice heard when you’re struggling to make progress.
For families and supporters, it can be frustrating trying to understand what’s happening when someone inside is unwell. Staff usually can’t share information without the prisoner’s consent, but you can encourage your loved one to request help and support them in raising issues. Many prisons also have family liaison officers who act as a bridge between staff and families when someone is particularly vulnerable or in crisis.
Prison life can be stressful, but you’re not without rights and you’re not without options. Knowing what you’re entitled to, what help is available, and how to ask for it can make things easier to manage — both for those serving time and for the people who care about them.
What to Expect When You First Arrive
If you’re sentenced to custody or remanded into prison, your first stop will usually be a local prison — the one nearest to the court. It’s normal to feel anxious, scared, and confused at this stage, especially if you’ve never been inside before.
The first 24 hours are structured to process you, check your welfare, and explain the rules. Knowing what happens can take away some of the fear.
Reception and Processing
When you first arrive, you’ll go through reception. Here’s what usually happens:
- Identity checks — You’ll give your name, date of birth, and details for verification.
- Property recording — Staff will list, bag, and store your belongings. You’ll usually be allowed some approved items in your cell, and the rest will be stored securely until release.
- Photographs & fingerprints — Standard procedure for everyone.
- Health screening — A nurse or healthcare worker will check your physical and mental health. Tell them about any medication, ongoing treatment, or if you’re struggling emotionally — it matters.
- Risk assessment — Staff ask questions about self-harm risks, vulnerabilities, and potential safety issues with other prisoners.
This information helps the prison decide where to house you and what support you may need.
Understanding Your Rights
On arrival, you should be told about your rights under the Prison Rules:
- You can ask to contact a family member to let them know where you are.
- You can ask to speak to a solicitor.
- You have the right to healthcare and basic dignity.
- If you feel unsafe, you can raise concerns with staff — you may be placed on a safer custody plan if needed.
Prisons often provide an “induction pack” explaining rules, routines, visiting times, and complaint procedures. If English isn’t your first language, translation services should be offered.
First Night Procedures
Most prisons have a First Night Centre or dedicated induction wing:
- You’ll be shown your cell and given bedding, toiletries, and basic clothing if needed.
- Staff should explain how things work — using the phone, ordering meals, exercise times, and making requests (“apps”).
- You may get the chance to make a phone call, though some prisons restrict this to one short call on day one.
- If you’re at risk of harm — from others or yourself — you might be placed under closer supervision.
Many people find the first night inside the hardest. If you feel panicked, tell staff — they’ve seen it before and there are safeguards to keep you safe.
Induction Programme
In your first few days, you’ll go through an induction designed to explain prison life:
- Daily routine: unlock times, meal times, work, education, and association periods.
- Prison rules: what’s allowed, what isn’t, and what happens if you break rules.
- Support services: healthcare, mental health teams, education, and resettlement advice.
- Contacting family: how visits work, adding numbers to your phone PIN, and using Email-a-Prisoner.
Induction usually lasts a few days, but timescales vary depending on how busy the prison is.
Support and Vulnerability
If you’re struggling emotionally or worried about your safety:
- Tell a member of staff, an officer on your wing, or the safer custody team.
- You may be referred to Listener Schemes — trained prisoners who offer peer support, managed by the Samaritans.
- You can also speak to healthcare, chaplaincy, or independent advocates if you need extra help.
Contacting the Outside World
Within the first few days, you should be able to:
- Make phone calls to approved numbers once your PIN account is set up.
- Receive letters — your family can find your prison’s address online.
- Apply for visits, though these may take a little time to arrange.
If you’re remanded rather than sentenced, you may have extra rights around visits and contact with legal representatives.
Things to Expect in the First Week
- Limited movement: You may spend a lot of time locked up at first, especially in busy prisons.
- Structured days: Set times for meals, exercise, and association.
- Meeting key staff: You’ll meet your wing officer and possibly a personal officer assigned to you.
- Settling in: It takes time, but routines start to make things feel manageable.
Tips for Your First Days
- Ask questions — it’s normal not to know how things work.
- Be polite and respectful with staff; it makes day-to-day life smoother.
- Use your induction to learn the rules and routines — they matter.
- If you feel low, anxious, or unsafe, speak up early.
- Keep your family informed as much as possible; it reassures everyone.
Probation (3)
Sentencing Options Explained
Why Sentencing Happens
If you plead guilty or are found guilty after trial, the court has to decide what happens next. Sentencing isn’t just about punishment — it also aims to protect the public, rehabilitate offenders, and deter future offending.
Sentences can feel complex, but in most cases, they fall into one of a few main categories. Knowing the basics can make things clearer for you and your family.
Discharge — No Punishment, But Still a Record
Absolute Discharge:
- The court decides no punishment is needed.
- Rare, but can happen for very minor offences or where blame is minimal.
Conditional Discharge:
- No immediate punishment if you stay out of trouble for a set period (up to 3 years).
- If you commit another offence during that time, you can be sentenced for both.
Fines
- Fines are common for minor offences, especially in Magistrates’ Court.
- The amount depends on the seriousness of the offence and your ability to pay.
- The court can set payment plans if you can’t afford the full amount up front.
- Not paying fines can lead to enforcement action — even prison in extreme cases.
Community Orders
Community orders are designed to punish but also rehabilitate. The court can impose one or more “requirements,” such as:
- Unpaid Work (Community Service) — typically 40 to 300 hours, supervised.
- Rehabilitation Activity Requirements (RARs) — meetings, courses, or therapy aimed at addressing offending behaviour.
- Curfews / Electronic Tags — you may have to stay at home during certain hours.
- Exclusion Zones — banning you from certain places.
- Drug or Alcohol Treatment — compulsory testing or programmes if relevant.
Failing to comply can lead to harsher penalties, including custody.
Suspended Sentences
This is where the court imposes a prison sentence but “suspends” it for a set period (up to 2 years).
- You don’t go to prison straight away, but you must comply with conditions (like attending appointments, doing unpaid work, or following curfews).
- If you commit another offence or breach the order, the sentence can be “activated” — meaning you serve the original prison time plus anything for the new offence.
- A suspended sentence is still a criminal conviction and will show on a DBS check.
Immediate Custody (Prison Sentences)
If the court decides your offence is so serious that only prison is appropriate, you’ll be sentenced to custody.
How it works in England & Wales:
- Sentence length: Depends on the seriousness of the offence and your previous record.
- Automatic release:
- Sentences under 12 months → Usually serve half in prison, the rest on licence in the community.
- Sentences 12 months or longer → Usually serve half to two-thirds in custody, depending on offence type.
- Extended sentences → For some violent or sexual offences, you may serve more in prison before release.
- Life sentences & IPPs: Special rules apply, and parole decisions are involved.
Even after release, you’ll normally remain on licence — meaning probation supervises you and you must follow strict rules.
Young People (Under 18)
Sentences for young people are different and aim more at rehabilitation. Options include:
- Referral Orders — meeting with a youth offender panel to agree on a rehabilitation plan.
- Youth Rehabilitation Orders (YROs) — the youth equivalent of community orders, with tailored conditions.
- Detention & Training Orders (DTOs) — a mix of custody and supervised release.
Victim Surcharges, Costs & Compensation
Whatever sentence you receive, the court may also order:
- A Victim Surcharge — a set amount based on your sentence, used to fund victim services.
- Prosecution Costs — contributing towards the CPS’s costs.
- Compensation Orders — paying money directly to victims.
These are in addition to any fines or other penalties.
How Courts Decide: Sentencing Guidelines
Judges and magistrates follow official Sentencing Council guidelines. They look at:
- The seriousness of the offence.
- Any aggravating factors (weapons, repeat offending, targeting vulnerable victims).
- Any mitigating factors (genuine remorse, previous good character, mental health issues).
- Whether you pleaded guilty early.
Every case is different, but these rules keep sentences broadly consistent across England and Wales.
Practical Tips for Defendants & Families
- Ask your solicitor to explain likely sentencing ranges before trial or plea.
- If you’re worried about custody, ask about pre-sentence reports — these can influence whether you get community-based options.
- Make arrangements for children, pets, bills, and work before sentencing day if there’s a chance of custody.
- If you get a community or suspended sentence, stick to the conditions — breaching them makes things much worse.
Understanding When People Are Released
One of the hardest parts of going through the criminal justice system — whether you’re serving time or supporting someone inside — is trying to understand when release might actually happen. There isn’t one simple answer, because different types of sentence have very different rules about when someone can leave custody. Knowing how the system works helps you plan, manage expectations, and focus on what you can control along the way.
Fixed-Term (Determinate) Sentences
Most people in prison are serving what’s called a determinate sentence. That simply means the court sets a fixed length, and your release date is calculated from that.
For determinate sentences under four years, the usual rule is that you serve half of the sentence in custody and the rest on licence in the community, under probation supervision. If you’re given four years, for example, you’ll normally spend around two inside, then be released automatically at the halfway point. You don’t need to apply — it’s automatic unless something unusual happens, like being recalled or facing new charges.
For sentences over four years, the process can be slightly different depending on the offence and the level of risk assessed by probation. Some prisoners are still released automatically at the halfway stage, but others may have to wait until they’ve served two-thirds before automatic release kicks in. In certain cases — especially for more serious offences — release at two-thirds is no longer automatic and instead depends on a review by the Parole Board.
Extended Determinate Sentences (EDS)
If someone has been deemed a higher risk to the public, they might be given an Extended Determinate Sentence. These combine a custodial period with an extended period of licence once released. The big difference here is that release is not automatic at halfway — you usually have to serve two-thirds of the custodial part before you’re even eligible to apply for release, and it’s the Parole Board that decides whether you can leave at that point. If they say no, you’ll stay inside until the end of the custodial term before moving onto licence.
Life Sentences
Life doesn’t always mean life — but it does mean the sentence lasts for the rest of the person’s life. When a court hands down a life sentence, it also sets a minimum term (sometimes called the “tariff”), which is the amount of time that must be served before the person can even be considered for release.
Once that minimum term has been served, the case goes to the Parole Board, who look at things like behaviour in custody, completed courses, risk assessments, and any evidence of rehabilitation. There’s no guarantee of release at the tariff point — some people spend many more years inside if the board isn’t satisfied that the risk can be managed in the community. Even after release, people on life sentences remain on licence for the rest of their lives and can be recalled at any time.
IPP Sentences (Imprisonment for Public Protection)
Although IPP sentences were scrapped in 2012, thousands of people are still serving them today. They’re one of the most complex and controversial parts of the system. With an IPP, the judge sets a minimum tariff, but after that, there’s no automatic release.
People on IPP stay in custody until the Parole Board is convinced that the risk can be safely managed in the community. Many people serve far beyond their tariffs, and even after release, the licence period lasts at least ten years before it can be considered for termination. If you or someone you’re supporting is serving an IPP, seeking specialist advice and gathering strong evidence of rehabilitation can make a huge difference.
Home Detention Curfew (HDC) and Early Release
For some people serving determinate sentences of between 12 weeks and four years, there’s a possibility of being released earlier than the halfway point under the Home Detention Curfew (HDC) scheme — often called “tagging.”
Eligibility depends on the sentence length, behaviour in custody, and whether there’s a safe address to go to. If approved, you could leave prison up to 135 days early, but you’ll have strict curfew conditions and electronic monitoring. Not everyone qualifies — violent, sexual, and high-risk cases are often excluded — but it’s worth applying if you meet the criteria.
Preparing for Release
Across all sentence types, your behaviour, engagement with rehabilitation, and willingness to prepare for life outside can affect release decisions — especially where the Parole Board is involved. Completing accredited courses, keeping out of trouble, working or studying inside, and showing progress in managing risk can all strengthen your position when the time comes.
If you’re supporting someone inside, helping them stay on top of sentence planning, encouraging engagement with probation, and being part of their resettlement plans can make a real difference.
What to Expect
For most people leaving prison, the sentence doesn’t end at the gate. Being released doesn’t mean you’re free to do whatever you like — you’ll almost always leave on licence. That means you’re allowed back into the community, but you’re still serving your sentence under specific rules and supervision. Understanding how your licence works, what probation expects, and where the risks lie is the key to staying on track and rebuilding your life.
What It Means to Be on Licence
When you’re released from custody, the rest of your sentence is served in the community under supervision. You’re free from the day-to-day restrictions of prison, but you’re not fully finished with the criminal justice system until your licence period ends. For most determinate sentences, this lasts until the original end date of your sentence. For life sentences and IPP sentences, licence conditions can last for many years — sometimes for life — though there are ways to apply for early termination in certain situations.
Your licence conditions are set by the Probation Service and approved by the Prison Governor before release. They’re designed to manage risk and support your reintegration. Some are standard, while others are tailored to your offence, your background, and the assessment of your risk.
Common Licence Conditions
While the exact rules vary from case to case, most people can expect conditions like:
- Living at an approved address and informing probation of any changes
- Attending regular meetings with your probation officer
- Staying away from certain people, places, or areas if they’re linked to your offence
- Not committing further offences or doing anything that raises risk concerns
- Allowing probation to visit you at home
- Seeking permission before travelling outside England & Wales
For some, especially those convicted of sexual or violent offences, there can be additional restrictions — like not contacting certain people, using the internet in specific ways, or attending treatment programmes. These will be explained in writing before you leave prison, and it’s crucial to make sure you fully understand them before signing anything.
Working with Probation
Probation’s role is to monitor risk, but also to support your resettlement. Some officers are brilliant, others less so — but either way, staying cooperative makes life easier. Missing appointments, ignoring instructions, or being dishonest will almost always cause problems. If you’re struggling with a condition — for example, finding suitable housing, meeting travel restrictions, or attending courses — speak to your probation officer as early as possible. They may be able to adjust things or refer you to other services for support.
The Risk of Recall
One of the hardest parts of being on licence is knowing that you can be recalled to prison. Recall can happen for two reasons: either you’ve been accused of breaching your licence conditions, or probation believes your risk has increased and you can’t be managed safely in the community.
Recalls aren’t always permanent. In some cases, you might be returned to custody for a fixed period before being released again, but for more serious breaches, you could stay inside until your original sentence expiry date. If you think a recall is unfair, there are routes to challenge it — but time limits are short, and it’s always better to avoid breaching in the first place if you can.
Balancing Freedom and Responsibility
Life on licence can feel restrictive at times, but it’s also a second chance — an opportunity to start rebuilding your life outside prison walls. Securing stable housing, rebuilding relationships, looking after your mental health, and accessing support for work, education, or training can all make a huge difference.
It’s normal to feel frustrated with the process, especially if conditions feel unfair or overly strict, but engaging with support services and sticking to the rules reduces the risk of recall and gets you closer to the finish line. For families and supporters, understanding how licence works helps you provide the right kind of encouragement without unintentionally making things harder.
Release (3)
Understanding When People Are Released
One of the hardest parts of going through the criminal justice system — whether you’re serving time or supporting someone inside — is trying to understand when release might actually happen. There isn’t one simple answer, because different types of sentence have very different rules about when someone can leave custody. Knowing how the system works helps you plan, manage expectations, and focus on what you can control along the way.
Fixed-Term (Determinate) Sentences
Most people in prison are serving what’s called a determinate sentence. That simply means the court sets a fixed length, and your release date is calculated from that.
For determinate sentences under four years, the usual rule is that you serve half of the sentence in custody and the rest on licence in the community, under probation supervision. If you’re given four years, for example, you’ll normally spend around two inside, then be released automatically at the halfway point. You don’t need to apply — it’s automatic unless something unusual happens, like being recalled or facing new charges.
For sentences over four years, the process can be slightly different depending on the offence and the level of risk assessed by probation. Some prisoners are still released automatically at the halfway stage, but others may have to wait until they’ve served two-thirds before automatic release kicks in. In certain cases — especially for more serious offences — release at two-thirds is no longer automatic and instead depends on a review by the Parole Board.
Extended Determinate Sentences (EDS)
If someone has been deemed a higher risk to the public, they might be given an Extended Determinate Sentence. These combine a custodial period with an extended period of licence once released. The big difference here is that release is not automatic at halfway — you usually have to serve two-thirds of the custodial part before you’re even eligible to apply for release, and it’s the Parole Board that decides whether you can leave at that point. If they say no, you’ll stay inside until the end of the custodial term before moving onto licence.
Life Sentences
Life doesn’t always mean life — but it does mean the sentence lasts for the rest of the person’s life. When a court hands down a life sentence, it also sets a minimum term (sometimes called the “tariff”), which is the amount of time that must be served before the person can even be considered for release.
Once that minimum term has been served, the case goes to the Parole Board, who look at things like behaviour in custody, completed courses, risk assessments, and any evidence of rehabilitation. There’s no guarantee of release at the tariff point — some people spend many more years inside if the board isn’t satisfied that the risk can be managed in the community. Even after release, people on life sentences remain on licence for the rest of their lives and can be recalled at any time.
IPP Sentences (Imprisonment for Public Protection)
Although IPP sentences were scrapped in 2012, thousands of people are still serving them today. They’re one of the most complex and controversial parts of the system. With an IPP, the judge sets a minimum tariff, but after that, there’s no automatic release.
People on IPP stay in custody until the Parole Board is convinced that the risk can be safely managed in the community. Many people serve far beyond their tariffs, and even after release, the licence period lasts at least ten years before it can be considered for termination. If you or someone you’re supporting is serving an IPP, seeking specialist advice and gathering strong evidence of rehabilitation can make a huge difference.
Home Detention Curfew (HDC) and Early Release
For some people serving determinate sentences of between 12 weeks and four years, there’s a possibility of being released earlier than the halfway point under the Home Detention Curfew (HDC) scheme — often called “tagging.”
Eligibility depends on the sentence length, behaviour in custody, and whether there’s a safe address to go to. If approved, you could leave prison up to 135 days early, but you’ll have strict curfew conditions and electronic monitoring. Not everyone qualifies — violent, sexual, and high-risk cases are often excluded — but it’s worth applying if you meet the criteria.
Preparing for Release
Across all sentence types, your behaviour, engagement with rehabilitation, and willingness to prepare for life outside can affect release decisions — especially where the Parole Board is involved. Completing accredited courses, keeping out of trouble, working or studying inside, and showing progress in managing risk can all strengthen your position when the time comes.
If you’re supporting someone inside, helping them stay on top of sentence planning, encouraging engagement with probation, and being part of their resettlement plans can make a real difference.
What to Expect
For most people leaving prison, the sentence doesn’t end at the gate. Being released doesn’t mean you’re free to do whatever you like — you’ll almost always leave on licence. That means you’re allowed back into the community, but you’re still serving your sentence under specific rules and supervision. Understanding how your licence works, what probation expects, and where the risks lie is the key to staying on track and rebuilding your life.
What It Means to Be on Licence
When you’re released from custody, the rest of your sentence is served in the community under supervision. You’re free from the day-to-day restrictions of prison, but you’re not fully finished with the criminal justice system until your licence period ends. For most determinate sentences, this lasts until the original end date of your sentence. For life sentences and IPP sentences, licence conditions can last for many years — sometimes for life — though there are ways to apply for early termination in certain situations.
Your licence conditions are set by the Probation Service and approved by the Prison Governor before release. They’re designed to manage risk and support your reintegration. Some are standard, while others are tailored to your offence, your background, and the assessment of your risk.
Common Licence Conditions
While the exact rules vary from case to case, most people can expect conditions like:
- Living at an approved address and informing probation of any changes
- Attending regular meetings with your probation officer
- Staying away from certain people, places, or areas if they’re linked to your offence
- Not committing further offences or doing anything that raises risk concerns
- Allowing probation to visit you at home
- Seeking permission before travelling outside England & Wales
For some, especially those convicted of sexual or violent offences, there can be additional restrictions — like not contacting certain people, using the internet in specific ways, or attending treatment programmes. These will be explained in writing before you leave prison, and it’s crucial to make sure you fully understand them before signing anything.
Working with Probation
Probation’s role is to monitor risk, but also to support your resettlement. Some officers are brilliant, others less so — but either way, staying cooperative makes life easier. Missing appointments, ignoring instructions, or being dishonest will almost always cause problems. If you’re struggling with a condition — for example, finding suitable housing, meeting travel restrictions, or attending courses — speak to your probation officer as early as possible. They may be able to adjust things or refer you to other services for support.
The Risk of Recall
One of the hardest parts of being on licence is knowing that you can be recalled to prison. Recall can happen for two reasons: either you’ve been accused of breaching your licence conditions, or probation believes your risk has increased and you can’t be managed safely in the community.
Recalls aren’t always permanent. In some cases, you might be returned to custody for a fixed period before being released again, but for more serious breaches, you could stay inside until your original sentence expiry date. If you think a recall is unfair, there are routes to challenge it — but time limits are short, and it’s always better to avoid breaching in the first place if you can.
Balancing Freedom and Responsibility
Life on licence can feel restrictive at times, but it’s also a second chance — an opportunity to start rebuilding your life outside prison walls. Securing stable housing, rebuilding relationships, looking after your mental health, and accessing support for work, education, or training can all make a huge difference.
It’s normal to feel frustrated with the process, especially if conditions feel unfair or overly strict, but engaging with support services and sticking to the rules reduces the risk of recall and gets you closer to the finish line. For families and supporters, understanding how licence works helps you provide the right kind of encouragement without unintentionally making things harder.
Walking out of the prison gates is often described as freedom — but for many, it’s the start of an entirely new challenge. Life after release can feel overwhelming, whether you’re the one coming out or supporting someone who is. There’s relief, yes, but there’s also uncertainty, anxiety, and the weight of rebuilding a life that’s been on hold.
Reintegration isn’t about going back to how things were before — it’s about creating a new way forward. The CJS Hub is here to help you navigate that journey, offering practical advice and pointing you towards the right support.
Facing the First Few Days
The first days after release are often the hardest. Everything feels fast, noisy, and different, especially if someone’s been inside for months or years. Even small tasks — using a bank card, travelling, or accessing healthcare — can feel daunting.
This is also the stage where licence conditions or probation requirements kick in. There might be curfews, reporting times, or restrictions on where you can live or who you can contact. Understanding these rules early on helps avoid mistakes that could lead to recall.
For family and friends, patience is key. Give your loved one space to process everything, but be ready to step in if they need practical help. Sometimes that’s as simple as helping with paperwork, arranging appointments, or offering a quiet place to breathe.
Building a Stable Foundation
Rebuilding life after release starts with stability. That usually means securing three essentials:
- Somewhere safe to live — This could be temporary housing, staying with family, or applying for supported accommodation. Probation and resettlement teams can sometimes help, but spaces are limited, so it’s worth exploring multiple options.
- A source of income — Whether through work, benefits, or a mix of both, having financial stability reduces stress and risk. Finding employment can be challenging with a record, but support organisations exist to connect people with second-chance employers.
- Access to healthcare — Many people leave prison with untreated mental or physical health issues. Registering with a GP and getting referrals where needed is an important early step.
Getting these basics sorted doesn’t solve everything — but without them, rebuilding is almost impossible.
Staying Connected and Supported
For many, release is emotionally messy. There can be shame, anger, anxiety, or even guilt about lost time. Relationships with partners, children, and friends may feel strained or uncertain. Rebuilding trust takes patience and honesty — both ways.
Support doesn’t just come from family. Community groups, peer networks, and mentoring programmes can offer spaces where people don’t have to explain themselves. These networks help with motivation, confidence, and knowing you’re not going through it alone.
Making Use of Available Help
There are organisations across England and Wales dedicated to helping people rebuild after release. From housing charities and employment projects to mental health services and addiction recovery programmes, there is help out there — though it isn’t always easy to find or access.
The CJS Hub is pulling these resources together in one place to make them easier to navigate. Whether you’re looking for practical support, peer communities, or someone who understands what you’re facing, we’ll point you in the right direction.
Life after prison can be challenging, but it isn’t hopeless. Rebuilding takes time, persistence, and support — but with the right help, it is absolutely possible to move forward. Every step, no matter how small, is progress.
The CJS Hub exists to guide you through this stage — connecting you with information, resources, and a community of people who understand what you’re going through.
Solicitors (2)
Sentencing Options Explained
Why Sentencing Happens
If you plead guilty or are found guilty after trial, the court has to decide what happens next. Sentencing isn’t just about punishment — it also aims to protect the public, rehabilitate offenders, and deter future offending.
Sentences can feel complex, but in most cases, they fall into one of a few main categories. Knowing the basics can make things clearer for you and your family.
Discharge — No Punishment, But Still a Record
Absolute Discharge:
- The court decides no punishment is needed.
- Rare, but can happen for very minor offences or where blame is minimal.
Conditional Discharge:
- No immediate punishment if you stay out of trouble for a set period (up to 3 years).
- If you commit another offence during that time, you can be sentenced for both.
Fines
- Fines are common for minor offences, especially in Magistrates’ Court.
- The amount depends on the seriousness of the offence and your ability to pay.
- The court can set payment plans if you can’t afford the full amount up front.
- Not paying fines can lead to enforcement action — even prison in extreme cases.
Community Orders
Community orders are designed to punish but also rehabilitate. The court can impose one or more “requirements,” such as:
- Unpaid Work (Community Service) — typically 40 to 300 hours, supervised.
- Rehabilitation Activity Requirements (RARs) — meetings, courses, or therapy aimed at addressing offending behaviour.
- Curfews / Electronic Tags — you may have to stay at home during certain hours.
- Exclusion Zones — banning you from certain places.
- Drug or Alcohol Treatment — compulsory testing or programmes if relevant.
Failing to comply can lead to harsher penalties, including custody.
Suspended Sentences
This is where the court imposes a prison sentence but “suspends” it for a set period (up to 2 years).
- You don’t go to prison straight away, but you must comply with conditions (like attending appointments, doing unpaid work, or following curfews).
- If you commit another offence or breach the order, the sentence can be “activated” — meaning you serve the original prison time plus anything for the new offence.
- A suspended sentence is still a criminal conviction and will show on a DBS check.
Immediate Custody (Prison Sentences)
If the court decides your offence is so serious that only prison is appropriate, you’ll be sentenced to custody.
How it works in England & Wales:
- Sentence length: Depends on the seriousness of the offence and your previous record.
- Automatic release:
- Sentences under 12 months → Usually serve half in prison, the rest on licence in the community.
- Sentences 12 months or longer → Usually serve half to two-thirds in custody, depending on offence type.
- Extended sentences → For some violent or sexual offences, you may serve more in prison before release.
- Life sentences & IPPs: Special rules apply, and parole decisions are involved.
Even after release, you’ll normally remain on licence — meaning probation supervises you and you must follow strict rules.
Young People (Under 18)
Sentences for young people are different and aim more at rehabilitation. Options include:
- Referral Orders — meeting with a youth offender panel to agree on a rehabilitation plan.
- Youth Rehabilitation Orders (YROs) — the youth equivalent of community orders, with tailored conditions.
- Detention & Training Orders (DTOs) — a mix of custody and supervised release.
Victim Surcharges, Costs & Compensation
Whatever sentence you receive, the court may also order:
- A Victim Surcharge — a set amount based on your sentence, used to fund victim services.
- Prosecution Costs — contributing towards the CPS’s costs.
- Compensation Orders — paying money directly to victims.
These are in addition to any fines or other penalties.
How Courts Decide: Sentencing Guidelines
Judges and magistrates follow official Sentencing Council guidelines. They look at:
- The seriousness of the offence.
- Any aggravating factors (weapons, repeat offending, targeting vulnerable victims).
- Any mitigating factors (genuine remorse, previous good character, mental health issues).
- Whether you pleaded guilty early.
Every case is different, but these rules keep sentences broadly consistent across England and Wales.
Practical Tips for Defendants & Families
- Ask your solicitor to explain likely sentencing ranges before trial or plea.
- If you’re worried about custody, ask about pre-sentence reports — these can influence whether you get community-based options.
- Make arrangements for children, pets, bills, and work before sentencing day if there’s a chance of custody.
- If you get a community or suspended sentence, stick to the conditions — breaching them makes things much worse.
Addressing False Allegations Being accused of something you didn’t do can turn your world upside down. Even if you’re later cleared, the stress, uncertainty, and damage to your reputation can linger long after the legal process ends. It’s an incredibly isolating experience — but you are not alone, and there are practical steps you can take to protect yourself, rebuild trust, and move forward. Understanding the Process When a false allegation is made, the police have a legal duty to investigate. That can mean arrest, interview, and potentially even charges, even when the evidence seems weak. It can be frightening and frustrating, especially if you know you’ve done nothing wrong. Throughout this stage, it’s crucial to: Get proper legal advice early — ideally from a solicitor experienced in these kinds of cases Keep a clear, accurate timeline of events, messages, and evidence Avoid direct contact with the complainant, as this can complicate matters False allegations cases can drag on for months, sometimes years, and the uncertainty is often the hardest part. Knowing your rights and working closely with your legal team can help you navigate the process more confidently. What Happens if You’re NFA’d or Acquitted An NFA (No Further Action) decision or an acquittal at trial should bring closure, but many find that life doesn’t simply return to “normal.” People may still have doubts. Rumours may linger. Employers, schools, or community groups may still need reassurance. This can be painful, but there are steps you can take: Ask the police for written confirmation of the NFA or acquittal — this can help with employment or housing issues Consider requesting your custody records or full case file to keep for future reference Focus on rebuilding your personal and professional reputation gradually, starting with people you trust Reporting a False Allegation It’s natural to want justice if you’ve been wrongly accused, but it’s important to understand that prosecutions for making false allegations are rare. The CPS is cautious about pursuing these cases because of concerns about discouraging genuine victims from coming forward. To succeed, there usually needs to be clear evidence that the allegation was knowingly false — not just mistaken, exaggerated, or unsupported. If you want to explore this route, speak to your solicitor first. They can advise on the chances of success and whether a formal complaint to the police or the Independent Office for Police Conduct (IOPC) might be appropriate. Rebuilding Trust and Moving Forward Whether or not the system gives you the outcome you hoped for, the work of rebuilding often falls on you and those closest to you. That might mean repairing relationships, focusing on your mental health, and connecting with people who understand what you’ve been through. Trusted friends, family, and peer-support spaces — like those linked through the CJS Hub — can be invaluable here. Rebuilding takes time, but it is possible. False allegations can feel devastating, but they don’t have to define the rest of your life. By understanding the process, seeking the right support, and taking steps to restore your confidence and reputation, you can start moving forward again. If you need help navigating your next steps, the CJS Hub is here with resources, guides, and connections to specialist services.
Support (3)
Addressing False Allegations Being accused of something you didn’t do can turn your world upside down. Even if you’re later cleared, the stress, uncertainty, and damage to your reputation can linger long after the legal process ends. It’s an incredibly isolating experience — but you are not alone, and there are practical steps you can take to protect yourself, rebuild trust, and move forward. Understanding the Process When a false allegation is made, the police have a legal duty to investigate. That can mean arrest, interview, and potentially even charges, even when the evidence seems weak. It can be frightening and frustrating, especially if you know you’ve done nothing wrong. Throughout this stage, it’s crucial to: Get proper legal advice early — ideally from a solicitor experienced in these kinds of cases Keep a clear, accurate timeline of events, messages, and evidence Avoid direct contact with the complainant, as this can complicate matters False allegations cases can drag on for months, sometimes years, and the uncertainty is often the hardest part. Knowing your rights and working closely with your legal team can help you navigate the process more confidently. What Happens if You’re NFA’d or Acquitted An NFA (No Further Action) decision or an acquittal at trial should bring closure, but many find that life doesn’t simply return to “normal.” People may still have doubts. Rumours may linger. Employers, schools, or community groups may still need reassurance. This can be painful, but there are steps you can take: Ask the police for written confirmation of the NFA or acquittal — this can help with employment or housing issues Consider requesting your custody records or full case file to keep for future reference Focus on rebuilding your personal and professional reputation gradually, starting with people you trust Reporting a False Allegation It’s natural to want justice if you’ve been wrongly accused, but it’s important to understand that prosecutions for making false allegations are rare. The CPS is cautious about pursuing these cases because of concerns about discouraging genuine victims from coming forward. To succeed, there usually needs to be clear evidence that the allegation was knowingly false — not just mistaken, exaggerated, or unsupported. If you want to explore this route, speak to your solicitor first. They can advise on the chances of success and whether a formal complaint to the police or the Independent Office for Police Conduct (IOPC) might be appropriate. Rebuilding Trust and Moving Forward Whether or not the system gives you the outcome you hoped for, the work of rebuilding often falls on you and those closest to you. That might mean repairing relationships, focusing on your mental health, and connecting with people who understand what you’ve been through. Trusted friends, family, and peer-support spaces — like those linked through the CJS Hub — can be invaluable here. Rebuilding takes time, but it is possible. False allegations can feel devastating, but they don’t have to define the rest of your life. By understanding the process, seeking the right support, and taking steps to restore your confidence and reputation, you can start moving forward again. If you need help navigating your next steps, the CJS Hub is here with resources, guides, and connections to specialist services.
Understanding When People Are Released
One of the hardest parts of going through the criminal justice system — whether you’re serving time or supporting someone inside — is trying to understand when release might actually happen. There isn’t one simple answer, because different types of sentence have very different rules about when someone can leave custody. Knowing how the system works helps you plan, manage expectations, and focus on what you can control along the way.
Fixed-Term (Determinate) Sentences
Most people in prison are serving what’s called a determinate sentence. That simply means the court sets a fixed length, and your release date is calculated from that.
For determinate sentences under four years, the usual rule is that you serve half of the sentence in custody and the rest on licence in the community, under probation supervision. If you’re given four years, for example, you’ll normally spend around two inside, then be released automatically at the halfway point. You don’t need to apply — it’s automatic unless something unusual happens, like being recalled or facing new charges.
For sentences over four years, the process can be slightly different depending on the offence and the level of risk assessed by probation. Some prisoners are still released automatically at the halfway stage, but others may have to wait until they’ve served two-thirds before automatic release kicks in. In certain cases — especially for more serious offences — release at two-thirds is no longer automatic and instead depends on a review by the Parole Board.
Extended Determinate Sentences (EDS)
If someone has been deemed a higher risk to the public, they might be given an Extended Determinate Sentence. These combine a custodial period with an extended period of licence once released. The big difference here is that release is not automatic at halfway — you usually have to serve two-thirds of the custodial part before you’re even eligible to apply for release, and it’s the Parole Board that decides whether you can leave at that point. If they say no, you’ll stay inside until the end of the custodial term before moving onto licence.
Life Sentences
Life doesn’t always mean life — but it does mean the sentence lasts for the rest of the person’s life. When a court hands down a life sentence, it also sets a minimum term (sometimes called the “tariff”), which is the amount of time that must be served before the person can even be considered for release.
Once that minimum term has been served, the case goes to the Parole Board, who look at things like behaviour in custody, completed courses, risk assessments, and any evidence of rehabilitation. There’s no guarantee of release at the tariff point — some people spend many more years inside if the board isn’t satisfied that the risk can be managed in the community. Even after release, people on life sentences remain on licence for the rest of their lives and can be recalled at any time.
IPP Sentences (Imprisonment for Public Protection)
Although IPP sentences were scrapped in 2012, thousands of people are still serving them today. They’re one of the most complex and controversial parts of the system. With an IPP, the judge sets a minimum tariff, but after that, there’s no automatic release.
People on IPP stay in custody until the Parole Board is convinced that the risk can be safely managed in the community. Many people serve far beyond their tariffs, and even after release, the licence period lasts at least ten years before it can be considered for termination. If you or someone you’re supporting is serving an IPP, seeking specialist advice and gathering strong evidence of rehabilitation can make a huge difference.
Home Detention Curfew (HDC) and Early Release
For some people serving determinate sentences of between 12 weeks and four years, there’s a possibility of being released earlier than the halfway point under the Home Detention Curfew (HDC) scheme — often called “tagging.”
Eligibility depends on the sentence length, behaviour in custody, and whether there’s a safe address to go to. If approved, you could leave prison up to 135 days early, but you’ll have strict curfew conditions and electronic monitoring. Not everyone qualifies — violent, sexual, and high-risk cases are often excluded — but it’s worth applying if you meet the criteria.
Preparing for Release
Across all sentence types, your behaviour, engagement with rehabilitation, and willingness to prepare for life outside can affect release decisions — especially where the Parole Board is involved. Completing accredited courses, keeping out of trouble, working or studying inside, and showing progress in managing risk can all strengthen your position when the time comes.
If you’re supporting someone inside, helping them stay on top of sentence planning, encouraging engagement with probation, and being part of their resettlement plans can make a real difference.
Walking out of the prison gates is often described as freedom — but for many, it’s the start of an entirely new challenge. Life after release can feel overwhelming, whether you’re the one coming out or supporting someone who is. There’s relief, yes, but there’s also uncertainty, anxiety, and the weight of rebuilding a life that’s been on hold.
Reintegration isn’t about going back to how things were before — it’s about creating a new way forward. The CJS Hub is here to help you navigate that journey, offering practical advice and pointing you towards the right support.
Facing the First Few Days
The first days after release are often the hardest. Everything feels fast, noisy, and different, especially if someone’s been inside for months or years. Even small tasks — using a bank card, travelling, or accessing healthcare — can feel daunting.
This is also the stage where licence conditions or probation requirements kick in. There might be curfews, reporting times, or restrictions on where you can live or who you can contact. Understanding these rules early on helps avoid mistakes that could lead to recall.
For family and friends, patience is key. Give your loved one space to process everything, but be ready to step in if they need practical help. Sometimes that’s as simple as helping with paperwork, arranging appointments, or offering a quiet place to breathe.
Building a Stable Foundation
Rebuilding life after release starts with stability. That usually means securing three essentials:
- Somewhere safe to live — This could be temporary housing, staying with family, or applying for supported accommodation. Probation and resettlement teams can sometimes help, but spaces are limited, so it’s worth exploring multiple options.
- A source of income — Whether through work, benefits, or a mix of both, having financial stability reduces stress and risk. Finding employment can be challenging with a record, but support organisations exist to connect people with second-chance employers.
- Access to healthcare — Many people leave prison with untreated mental or physical health issues. Registering with a GP and getting referrals where needed is an important early step.
Getting these basics sorted doesn’t solve everything — but without them, rebuilding is almost impossible.
Staying Connected and Supported
For many, release is emotionally messy. There can be shame, anger, anxiety, or even guilt about lost time. Relationships with partners, children, and friends may feel strained or uncertain. Rebuilding trust takes patience and honesty — both ways.
Support doesn’t just come from family. Community groups, peer networks, and mentoring programmes can offer spaces where people don’t have to explain themselves. These networks help with motivation, confidence, and knowing you’re not going through it alone.
Making Use of Available Help
There are organisations across England and Wales dedicated to helping people rebuild after release. From housing charities and employment projects to mental health services and addiction recovery programmes, there is help out there — though it isn’t always easy to find or access.
The CJS Hub is pulling these resources together in one place to make them easier to navigate. Whether you’re looking for practical support, peer communities, or someone who understands what you’re facing, we’ll point you in the right direction.
Life after prison can be challenging, but it isn’t hopeless. Rebuilding takes time, persistence, and support — but with the right help, it is absolutely possible to move forward. Every step, no matter how small, is progress.
The CJS Hub exists to guide you through this stage — connecting you with information, resources, and a community of people who understand what you’re going through.
The Arrest (1)
Addressing False Allegations Being accused of something you didn’t do can turn your world upside down. Even if you’re later cleared, the stress, uncertainty, and damage to your reputation can linger long after the legal process ends. It’s an incredibly isolating experience — but you are not alone, and there are practical steps you can take to protect yourself, rebuild trust, and move forward. Understanding the Process When a false allegation is made, the police have a legal duty to investigate. That can mean arrest, interview, and potentially even charges, even when the evidence seems weak. It can be frightening and frustrating, especially if you know you’ve done nothing wrong. Throughout this stage, it’s crucial to: Get proper legal advice early — ideally from a solicitor experienced in these kinds of cases Keep a clear, accurate timeline of events, messages, and evidence Avoid direct contact with the complainant, as this can complicate matters False allegations cases can drag on for months, sometimes years, and the uncertainty is often the hardest part. Knowing your rights and working closely with your legal team can help you navigate the process more confidently. What Happens if You’re NFA’d or Acquitted An NFA (No Further Action) decision or an acquittal at trial should bring closure, but many find that life doesn’t simply return to “normal.” People may still have doubts. Rumours may linger. Employers, schools, or community groups may still need reassurance. This can be painful, but there are steps you can take: Ask the police for written confirmation of the NFA or acquittal — this can help with employment or housing issues Consider requesting your custody records or full case file to keep for future reference Focus on rebuilding your personal and professional reputation gradually, starting with people you trust Reporting a False Allegation It’s natural to want justice if you’ve been wrongly accused, but it’s important to understand that prosecutions for making false allegations are rare. The CPS is cautious about pursuing these cases because of concerns about discouraging genuine victims from coming forward. To succeed, there usually needs to be clear evidence that the allegation was knowingly false — not just mistaken, exaggerated, or unsupported. If you want to explore this route, speak to your solicitor first. They can advise on the chances of success and whether a formal complaint to the police or the Independent Office for Police Conduct (IOPC) might be appropriate. Rebuilding Trust and Moving Forward Whether or not the system gives you the outcome you hoped for, the work of rebuilding often falls on you and those closest to you. That might mean repairing relationships, focusing on your mental health, and connecting with people who understand what you’ve been through. Trusted friends, family, and peer-support spaces — like those linked through the CJS Hub — can be invaluable here. Rebuilding takes time, but it is possible. False allegations can feel devastating, but they don’t have to define the rest of your life. By understanding the process, seeking the right support, and taking steps to restore your confidence and reputation, you can start moving forward again. If you need help navigating your next steps, the CJS Hub is here with resources, guides, and connections to specialist services.
Trial (1)
Sentencing Options Explained
Why Sentencing Happens
If you plead guilty or are found guilty after trial, the court has to decide what happens next. Sentencing isn’t just about punishment — it also aims to protect the public, rehabilitate offenders, and deter future offending.
Sentences can feel complex, but in most cases, they fall into one of a few main categories. Knowing the basics can make things clearer for you and your family.
Discharge — No Punishment, But Still a Record
Absolute Discharge:
- The court decides no punishment is needed.
- Rare, but can happen for very minor offences or where blame is minimal.
Conditional Discharge:
- No immediate punishment if you stay out of trouble for a set period (up to 3 years).
- If you commit another offence during that time, you can be sentenced for both.
Fines
- Fines are common for minor offences, especially in Magistrates’ Court.
- The amount depends on the seriousness of the offence and your ability to pay.
- The court can set payment plans if you can’t afford the full amount up front.
- Not paying fines can lead to enforcement action — even prison in extreme cases.
Community Orders
Community orders are designed to punish but also rehabilitate. The court can impose one or more “requirements,” such as:
- Unpaid Work (Community Service) — typically 40 to 300 hours, supervised.
- Rehabilitation Activity Requirements (RARs) — meetings, courses, or therapy aimed at addressing offending behaviour.
- Curfews / Electronic Tags — you may have to stay at home during certain hours.
- Exclusion Zones — banning you from certain places.
- Drug or Alcohol Treatment — compulsory testing or programmes if relevant.
Failing to comply can lead to harsher penalties, including custody.
Suspended Sentences
This is where the court imposes a prison sentence but “suspends” it for a set period (up to 2 years).
- You don’t go to prison straight away, but you must comply with conditions (like attending appointments, doing unpaid work, or following curfews).
- If you commit another offence or breach the order, the sentence can be “activated” — meaning you serve the original prison time plus anything for the new offence.
- A suspended sentence is still a criminal conviction and will show on a DBS check.
Immediate Custody (Prison Sentences)
If the court decides your offence is so serious that only prison is appropriate, you’ll be sentenced to custody.
How it works in England & Wales:
- Sentence length: Depends on the seriousness of the offence and your previous record.
- Automatic release:
- Sentences under 12 months → Usually serve half in prison, the rest on licence in the community.
- Sentences 12 months or longer → Usually serve half to two-thirds in custody, depending on offence type.
- Extended sentences → For some violent or sexual offences, you may serve more in prison before release.
- Life sentences & IPPs: Special rules apply, and parole decisions are involved.
Even after release, you’ll normally remain on licence — meaning probation supervises you and you must follow strict rules.
Young People (Under 18)
Sentences for young people are different and aim more at rehabilitation. Options include:
- Referral Orders — meeting with a youth offender panel to agree on a rehabilitation plan.
- Youth Rehabilitation Orders (YROs) — the youth equivalent of community orders, with tailored conditions.
- Detention & Training Orders (DTOs) — a mix of custody and supervised release.
Victim Surcharges, Costs & Compensation
Whatever sentence you receive, the court may also order:
- A Victim Surcharge — a set amount based on your sentence, used to fund victim services.
- Prosecution Costs — contributing towards the CPS’s costs.
- Compensation Orders — paying money directly to victims.
These are in addition to any fines or other penalties.
How Courts Decide: Sentencing Guidelines
Judges and magistrates follow official Sentencing Council guidelines. They look at:
- The seriousness of the offence.
- Any aggravating factors (weapons, repeat offending, targeting vulnerable victims).
- Any mitigating factors (genuine remorse, previous good character, mental health issues).
- Whether you pleaded guilty early.
Every case is different, but these rules keep sentences broadly consistent across England and Wales.
Practical Tips for Defendants & Families
- Ask your solicitor to explain likely sentencing ranges before trial or plea.
- If you’re worried about custody, ask about pre-sentence reports — these can influence whether you get community-based options.
- Make arrangements for children, pets, bills, and work before sentencing day if there’s a chance of custody.
- If you get a community or suspended sentence, stick to the conditions — breaching them makes things much worse.
Well Being (3)
Understanding When People Are Released
One of the hardest parts of going through the criminal justice system — whether you’re serving time or supporting someone inside — is trying to understand when release might actually happen. There isn’t one simple answer, because different types of sentence have very different rules about when someone can leave custody. Knowing how the system works helps you plan, manage expectations, and focus on what you can control along the way.
Fixed-Term (Determinate) Sentences
Most people in prison are serving what’s called a determinate sentence. That simply means the court sets a fixed length, and your release date is calculated from that.
For determinate sentences under four years, the usual rule is that you serve half of the sentence in custody and the rest on licence in the community, under probation supervision. If you’re given four years, for example, you’ll normally spend around two inside, then be released automatically at the halfway point. You don’t need to apply — it’s automatic unless something unusual happens, like being recalled or facing new charges.
For sentences over four years, the process can be slightly different depending on the offence and the level of risk assessed by probation. Some prisoners are still released automatically at the halfway stage, but others may have to wait until they’ve served two-thirds before automatic release kicks in. In certain cases — especially for more serious offences — release at two-thirds is no longer automatic and instead depends on a review by the Parole Board.
Extended Determinate Sentences (EDS)
If someone has been deemed a higher risk to the public, they might be given an Extended Determinate Sentence. These combine a custodial period with an extended period of licence once released. The big difference here is that release is not automatic at halfway — you usually have to serve two-thirds of the custodial part before you’re even eligible to apply for release, and it’s the Parole Board that decides whether you can leave at that point. If they say no, you’ll stay inside until the end of the custodial term before moving onto licence.
Life Sentences
Life doesn’t always mean life — but it does mean the sentence lasts for the rest of the person’s life. When a court hands down a life sentence, it also sets a minimum term (sometimes called the “tariff”), which is the amount of time that must be served before the person can even be considered for release.
Once that minimum term has been served, the case goes to the Parole Board, who look at things like behaviour in custody, completed courses, risk assessments, and any evidence of rehabilitation. There’s no guarantee of release at the tariff point — some people spend many more years inside if the board isn’t satisfied that the risk can be managed in the community. Even after release, people on life sentences remain on licence for the rest of their lives and can be recalled at any time.
IPP Sentences (Imprisonment for Public Protection)
Although IPP sentences were scrapped in 2012, thousands of people are still serving them today. They’re one of the most complex and controversial parts of the system. With an IPP, the judge sets a minimum tariff, but after that, there’s no automatic release.
People on IPP stay in custody until the Parole Board is convinced that the risk can be safely managed in the community. Many people serve far beyond their tariffs, and even after release, the licence period lasts at least ten years before it can be considered for termination. If you or someone you’re supporting is serving an IPP, seeking specialist advice and gathering strong evidence of rehabilitation can make a huge difference.
Home Detention Curfew (HDC) and Early Release
For some people serving determinate sentences of between 12 weeks and four years, there’s a possibility of being released earlier than the halfway point under the Home Detention Curfew (HDC) scheme — often called “tagging.”
Eligibility depends on the sentence length, behaviour in custody, and whether there’s a safe address to go to. If approved, you could leave prison up to 135 days early, but you’ll have strict curfew conditions and electronic monitoring. Not everyone qualifies — violent, sexual, and high-risk cases are often excluded — but it’s worth applying if you meet the criteria.
Preparing for Release
Across all sentence types, your behaviour, engagement with rehabilitation, and willingness to prepare for life outside can affect release decisions — especially where the Parole Board is involved. Completing accredited courses, keeping out of trouble, working or studying inside, and showing progress in managing risk can all strengthen your position when the time comes.
If you’re supporting someone inside, helping them stay on top of sentence planning, encouraging engagement with probation, and being part of their resettlement plans can make a real difference.
Walking out of the prison gates is often described as freedom — but for many, it’s the start of an entirely new challenge. Life after release can feel overwhelming, whether you’re the one coming out or supporting someone who is. There’s relief, yes, but there’s also uncertainty, anxiety, and the weight of rebuilding a life that’s been on hold.
Reintegration isn’t about going back to how things were before — it’s about creating a new way forward. The CJS Hub is here to help you navigate that journey, offering practical advice and pointing you towards the right support.
Facing the First Few Days
The first days after release are often the hardest. Everything feels fast, noisy, and different, especially if someone’s been inside for months or years. Even small tasks — using a bank card, travelling, or accessing healthcare — can feel daunting.
This is also the stage where licence conditions or probation requirements kick in. There might be curfews, reporting times, or restrictions on where you can live or who you can contact. Understanding these rules early on helps avoid mistakes that could lead to recall.
For family and friends, patience is key. Give your loved one space to process everything, but be ready to step in if they need practical help. Sometimes that’s as simple as helping with paperwork, arranging appointments, or offering a quiet place to breathe.
Building a Stable Foundation
Rebuilding life after release starts with stability. That usually means securing three essentials:
- Somewhere safe to live — This could be temporary housing, staying with family, or applying for supported accommodation. Probation and resettlement teams can sometimes help, but spaces are limited, so it’s worth exploring multiple options.
- A source of income — Whether through work, benefits, or a mix of both, having financial stability reduces stress and risk. Finding employment can be challenging with a record, but support organisations exist to connect people with second-chance employers.
- Access to healthcare — Many people leave prison with untreated mental or physical health issues. Registering with a GP and getting referrals where needed is an important early step.
Getting these basics sorted doesn’t solve everything — but without them, rebuilding is almost impossible.
Staying Connected and Supported
For many, release is emotionally messy. There can be shame, anger, anxiety, or even guilt about lost time. Relationships with partners, children, and friends may feel strained or uncertain. Rebuilding trust takes patience and honesty — both ways.
Support doesn’t just come from family. Community groups, peer networks, and mentoring programmes can offer spaces where people don’t have to explain themselves. These networks help with motivation, confidence, and knowing you’re not going through it alone.
Making Use of Available Help
There are organisations across England and Wales dedicated to helping people rebuild after release. From housing charities and employment projects to mental health services and addiction recovery programmes, there is help out there — though it isn’t always easy to find or access.
The CJS Hub is pulling these resources together in one place to make them easier to navigate. Whether you’re looking for practical support, peer communities, or someone who understands what you’re facing, we’ll point you in the right direction.
Life after prison can be challenging, but it isn’t hopeless. Rebuilding takes time, persistence, and support — but with the right help, it is absolutely possible to move forward. Every step, no matter how small, is progress.
The CJS Hub exists to guide you through this stage — connecting you with information, resources, and a community of people who understand what you’re going through.
When you walk into prison for the first time, it can feel like you’ve lost control of everything — but it’s important to know that you don’t lose all your rights. While your freedom is restricted, you’re still entitled to safety, dignity, and proper healthcare. Understanding what you can expect, and what you’re entitled to, can make a huge difference both for you and for the people supporting you.
You have the right to humane treatment, the right to practise your religion, and the right to complain if something isn’t right. You also have the right to healthcare equivalent to what you’d receive outside prison — but the reality is that services inside are under pressure, and things can take time. Knowing how the system works makes it easier to navigate and get the help you need.
When you first arrive at prison, you’ll have a health screening. This is a chance to raise any existing conditions, medications, or ongoing needs. Healthcare inside is usually run by the NHS or an NHS-contracted provider, and in theory the standard should match what you’d get in the community. In practice, things can move slowly, especially in busy local prisons where demand is high and staff are stretched. If you need to see a GP, nurse, dentist, or optician, you’ll normally put in a healthcare request, but waiting times can vary. Urgent issues are dealt with more quickly, and in emergencies, people are taken to hospital under escort.
Mental health support is there, but again, it’s limited and can vary a lot between prisons. Some prisons have mental health nurses on-site and can arrange counselling or assessments if you need them. There’s also the Listener scheme, where trained prisoners work with the Samaritans to support others confidentially, and chaplaincy teams are often a big source of emotional support — you don’t need to be religious to speak to them. If someone is considered at risk of self-harm or suicide, they may be placed on an ACCT plan. That means more regular checks, closer monitoring, and extra input from staff and peers to keep them safe.
If something goes wrong — whether it’s about healthcare, safety, or how you’re being treated — there is a complaints process in every prison. Most issues can be raised directly with wing staff or healthcare first, but if that doesn’t resolve it, there are formal routes. Complaints about healthcare can eventually be taken to the NHS, and unresolved wider issues can be escalated to the Prisons and Probation Ombudsman. Some prisons also have independent advocates and peer mentors who can help you get your voice heard when you’re struggling to make progress.
For families and supporters, it can be frustrating trying to understand what’s happening when someone inside is unwell. Staff usually can’t share information without the prisoner’s consent, but you can encourage your loved one to request help and support them in raising issues. Many prisons also have family liaison officers who act as a bridge between staff and families when someone is particularly vulnerable or in crisis.
Prison life can be stressful, but you’re not without rights and you’re not without options. Knowing what you’re entitled to, what help is available, and how to ask for it can make things easier to manage — both for those serving time and for the people who care about them.